Does broadband Internet affect fertility?

References

• Acharya, A., M. Blackwell, and M. Sen. 2016. Explaining causal findings without bias: Detecting and assessing direct effects, American Political Science Review 110(3): 512–529. doi: 10.1017/S0003055416000216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albanesi, S. and C. Olivetti. 2016. Gender roles and medical progress, Journal of Political Economy 124(3): 650–695. doi: 10.1086/686035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balbo, N., and N. Barban. 2014. Does fertility behavior spread among friends?, American Sociological Review 79(3): 412–431. doi: 10.1177/0003122414531596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balbo, N., F. C. Billari, and M. Mills. 2013. Fertility in advanced societies: A review of research, European Journal of Population/Revue Européenne de Démographie 29(1): 1–38. doi: 10.1007/s10680-012-9277-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauernschuster, S., O. Falck, and L. Woessmann. 2014. Surfing alone? The Internet and social capital: Evidence from an unforeseeable technological mistake, Journal of Public Economics 117: 73–89. doi: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2014.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauernschuster, S., T. Hener, and H. Rainer. 2016. Children of a (policy) revolution: The introduction of universal child care and its effect on fertility, Journal of the European Economic Association 14(4): 975–1005. doi: 10.1111/jeea.12158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellou, A. 2015. The impact of Internet diffusion on marriage rates: Evidence from the broadband market, Journal of Population Economics 28(2): 265–297. doi: 10.1007/s00148-014-0527-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardi, L., S. Keim, and H. Von Der Lippe. 2007. Social influences on fertility: A comparative mixed methods study in Eastern and Western Germany, Journal of Mixed Methods Research 1(1): 23–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billari, F. C. and H.-P. Kohler. 2004. Patterns of low and lowest-low fertility in Europe, Population Studies 58(2): 161–176. doi: 10.1080/0032472042000213695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittman, M. and J. Wajcman. 2000. The rush hour: The character of leisure time and gender equity, Social Forces 79(1): 165–189. doi: 10.2307/2675568
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bongaarts, J., and S. C. Watkins. 1996. Social interactions and contemporary fertility transitions, Population and Development Review 22: 639–682. doi: 10.2307/2137804
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boserup, E.1976. Environment, population, and technology in primitive societies, Population and Development Review 2: 21–36. doi: 10.2307/1971529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bremhorst, V., M. Kreyenfeld, and P. Lambert. 2016. Fertility progression in Germany: An analysis using flexible nonparametric cure survival models, Demographic Research 35: 505–534. doi: 10.4054/DemRes.2016.35.18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenke, K. 2016. Home offices: Plenty of untapped potential, DIW Economic Bulletin 6(8): 95–104.
   Google Scholar
• Buber-Ennser, I., R. Panova, and J. Dorbritz. 2013. Fertility intentions of university graduates, Demográfia English Edition 56(5): 5–34.
   Google Scholar
• Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie. 2010. Bericht zum Breitbandatlas 2010 des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie, Available from: https://www.bmvi.de/SharedDocs/DE/Anlage/Digitales/bericht-zum-breitbandatlas-ende-2010-ergebnisse.pdf?__blob=publicationFile (accessed: 5 December 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Castells, M. 2002. The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society. New York: Oxford University Press on Demand.
   Google Scholar
• Conley, D. 2009. Elsewhere, USA: How we got from the Company man, Family Dinners, and the Affluent Society to the Home Office, BlackBerry Moms, and Economic Anxiety. New York, NY: Pantheon Books.
   Google Scholar
• Cornelissen, T., C. Dustmann, A. Raute, and U. Schö nberg. 2018. Who benefits from universal child care? estimating marginal returns to early child care attendance, Journal of Political Economy forthcoming.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de V. Cavalcanti, T. V. and J. Tavares. 2008. Assessing the ‘engines of liberation’: home appliances and female labor force participation, The Review of Economics and Statistics 90(1): 81–88. doi: 10.1162/rest.90.1.81
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dettling, L. J. 2017. Broadband in the labor market: the impact of residential high-speed internet on married women’s labor force participation, Industrial and Labor Relations Review 70(2): 451–482. doi: 10.1177/0019793916644721
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Maggio, P., E. Hargittai, W. R. Neuman, and J. P. Robinson. 2001. Social implications of the Internet, Annual Review of Sociology 27(1): 307–336. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falck, O. 2017. Does broadband infrastructure boost employment?, IZA World of Labor. Available from: https://wol.iza.org/articles/does-broadband-infrastructure-boost-employment/long (accessed: 5 December 2018).
   Google Scholar
• Falck, O., R. Gold, and S. Heblich. 2014. E-lections: Voting Behavior and the Internet, The American Economic Review 104(7): 2238–2265. doi: 10.1257/aer.104.7.2238
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn, A. N. and K. Kashin. 2017. Front-door difference-in-differences estimators, American Journal of Political Science 61(4): 989–1002. doi: 10.1111/ajps.12311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glynn, A. N. and K. Kashin. 2018. Front-door versus back-door adjustment with unmeasured confounding: Bias Formulas for front-door and hybrid adjustments with application to a job training program, Journal of the American Statistical Association. Forthcoming.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldin, C. and L. F. Katz. 2002. The power of the pill: Oral contraceptives and women’s career and marriage decisions, Journal of Political Economy 110(4): 730–770. doi: 10.1086/340778
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldscheider, F., E. Bernhardt and T. Lappegård. 2015. The gender revolution: A framework for understanding changing family and demographic behavior, Population and Development Review 41(2): 207–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2015.00045.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein, J., W. Lutz, and M. R. Testa. 2003. The emergence of sub-replacement family size ideals in Europe, Population Research and Policy Review 22(5): 479–496. doi: 10.1023/B:POPU.0000020962.80895.4a
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood, J., A. Seshadri, and M. Yorukoglu. 2005. Engines of liberation, Review of Economic Studies 72(1): 109–133. doi: 10.1111/0034-6527.00326
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guldi, M. and C. M. Herbst. 2017. Offline effects of online connecting: the impact of broadband diffusion on teen fertility decisions, Journal of Population Economics 30(1): 69–91. doi: 10.1007/s00148-016-0605-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hank, K. 2002. Regional social contexts and individual fertility decisions: A multilevel analysis of first and second births in Western Germany, European Journal of Population/Revue Européenne de Démographie 18(3): 281–299. doi: 10.1023/A:1019765026537
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hank, K. and M. Kreyenfeld. 2003. A multilevel analysis of child care and women’s fertility decisions in Western Germany, Journal of Marriage and Family 65(3): 584–596. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00584.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargittai, E. 2010. Digital na(t)ives? Variation in internet skills and uses among members of the ‘net generation’, Sociological Inquiry 80(1): 92–113. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-682X.2009.00317.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haub, C. 2012. Fertility rates in low birth-rate countries, 1996–2011, Population Reference Bureau. Available from: https://www.prb.org/low-fertility-countries-tfr-2/
   Google Scholar
• Hofmann, B. and K. Hohmeyer. 2013. Perceived economic uncertainty and fertility: evidence from a labor market reform, Journal of Marriage and Family 75(2): 503–521. doi: 10.1111/jomf.12011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger, D., T. Joyce, and R. Kaestner. 2016. Does Reality TV Induce Real Effects? On the Questionable Association Between 16 and Pregnant and Teenage Childbearing, IZA Discussion Papers 10317, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
   Google Scholar
• Jonen, G. and T. Eckardt. 2006. The education system in the Federal Republic of Germany 2004. Secretariat of the Standing Conference of the Ministers of Education (KMK).
   Google Scholar
• Kearney, M. S. and P. B. Levine. 2015. Media influences on social outcomes: The impact of MTV’s 16 and pregnant on teen childbearing, The American Economic Review 105(12): 3597–3632. doi: 10.1257/aer.20140012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohler, H.-P. 2001. Fertility and Social Interaction: An Economic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kohler, H.-P., J. R. Behrman, and S. C. Watkins. 2001. The density of social networks and fertility decisions: evidence from South Nyanza District, Kenya, Demography 38(1): 43–58. doi: 10.1353/dem.2001.0005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohler, H.-P., F. C. Billari, and J. A. Ortega. 2002. The emergence of lowest-low fertility in Europe during the 1990s, Population and Development Review 28(4): 641–680. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2002.00641.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Ferrara, E., A. Chong, and S. Duryea. 2012. Soap operas and fertility: evidence from Brazil, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4(4): 1–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesthaeghe, R. 2010. The unfolding story of the second demographic transition, Population and Development Review 36(2): 211–251. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2010.00328.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, P. 2000. Gender equity in theories of fertility transition, Population and Development Review 26(3): 427–439. doi: 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2000.00427.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, S. P. and M. G. Taylor. 2006. Low fertility at the turn of the twenty-first century, Annual Review of Sociology 32: 375–399. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.31.041304.122220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearl, J. and D. Mackenzie. 2018. The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect. Grand Haven, MI: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Philipov, D. 2009. Fertility intentions and outcomes: the role of policies to close the gap, European Journal of Population/Revue Européenne de Démographie 25(4): 355–361. doi: 10.1007/s10680-009-9202-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raute, A. 2017. Can financial incentives reduce the baby gap? Evidence from a reform in maternity leave benefits, Journal of Public Economics forthcoming.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riphahn, R. T. and F. Wiynck. 2017. Fertility effects of child benefits, Journal of Population Economics 30(4): 1135–1184. doi: 10.1007/s00148-017-0647-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, M. J. and R. J. Thomas. 2012. Searching for a mate: The rise of the Internet as a social intermediary, American Sociological Review 77(4): 523–547. doi: 10.1177/0003122412448050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schröder, M., R. Siegers, and C. K. Spiess. 2013. Familien in Deutschland –FiD, Schmollers Jahrbuch 133(4): 595–606. doi: 10.3790/schm.133.4.595
   Google Scholar
• Sedgh, G., L. B. Finer, A. Bankole, M. A. Eilers, and S. Singh. 2015. Adolescent pregnancy, birth, and abortion rates across countries: levels and recent trends, Journal of Adolescent Health 56(2): 223–230. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock, J. H. and M. Yogo. 2002. Testing for weak instruments in linear IV regression, NBER Technical Working Papers.
   Google Scholar
• Trudeau, J. 2016. The role of new media on teen sexual behaviors and fertility outcomes—the case of 16 and pregnant, Southern Economic Journal 82(3): 975–1003. doi: 10.1002/soej.12034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, G., J. Frick, and J. Schupp. 2007. The German Socio-Economic Panel study (SOEP) - scope, evolution, and enhancements, Schmollers Jahrbuch 127: 139–169.
   Google Scholar
• Wajcman, J. 2015. Pressed for Time: The Acceleration of Life in Digital Capitalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ziefle, A. and M. Gangl. 2014. Do women respond to changes in family policy? A quasi-experimental study of the duration of mothers’ employment interruptions in Germany, European Sociological Review 30(5): 562–581. doi: 10.1093/esr/jcu056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar