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Original Articles

Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Amenorrhea

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Pages 65-81 | Published online: 06 Jul 2016

REFERENCES

Hypothalamus

  • Anderson, Evelyn and Haymaker, Webb: Influence of the hypothalamus on sexual function.). AM. M. Women's A. 3:402–406; 457–461 (October and November) 1948.
  • Friedgood, H. B.: Neuroendocrine and psychodynamic aspects of endocrinopathies. In: Williams, R. H.: Textbook of Endocrinology. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1950.

Hypophysis

  • Astwood, E. B.: The regulation of corpus luteum function by hypophysial luteotrophin. Endocrinology 28:309, 1941.
  • Fevold, H. L.: Synergism of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones in producing estrogen secretion. Endocrinology 28:33, 1941.
  • Friedgood, H. B.: Function of the hypophysis. In: Oxford Loose Leaf Medicine, vol. III, part 3, 1946.

Ovary

  • Albright, F., Halsted, J. A. and Cleney, E.: Studies in ovarian dysfunction. II. The application of the “hormonal measuring sticks” to the sorting out and to the treatment of the various types of amenorrhea. New England J. Med. pp. 212–250, 1935.
  • Smith, G. V.: The ovaries: In: Williams, R. H.: Textbook of Endocrinology. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1950, pp. 349–387.

Endometrium

  • Burch, J. C. and Phelps, D.: Endometrial biopsy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 3:475, 1943.
  • Marxee, J. E.: The Morphological and Endocrine Basis for Menstrual Bleeding. Progress in Gynecology. New York, Grune & Stratton, 1950, vol. 2, pp. 63–74.

Vaginal Smears

  • De Allende, Ines, L. E., Shorr, Ephraim and Hartman, C. G.: A Comparative Study of the Vaginal Smear Cycle of the Rhesus Monkey and the Human. Contributions to Embryology. Washington, D. C., Carnegie Institute, vol. 31, pp. 2–6 (December 22) 1943.
  • Papanicolaou, G. N., Marchetti, A. A. and Tract, H. F.: The Epithelia of Women's Reproductive Organs. New York, The Commonwealth Fund, 1948.
  • Shorr, E.: New technique for staining vaginal smears, a differential stain. Science 94:545 (December) 1941.

Basal Body Temperature

  • Buxton, C. L. and Atkinson, W. B.: Hormonal factors involved in the regulation of basal body temperature during the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 8:544 (July) 1948.
  • Davis, M. E. and Fugo, N. W.: The causes of physiological basal temperature changes in women. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 8:550, 1948.
  • Palmer, Allan: The diagnostic use of basal body temperature in gynecology and obstetrics. Obst, & Gynec. Surv. 4 (February) 1949.

Gynecography (Combined Pneumoperitoneum and Hysterosalpingography)

  • Stein, I. F.: Gynecography: X-ray diagnosis in gynecology. S. Clin. North America 23:165–180; Surg., Gynec. & Obst. 55:207–212 (August) 1932.

Tests and Therapy

  • Bfclere, Claude and Simonnet, H.: L'amenorrhee hypohormonale. Son fraitement par une seule dose faible de folliculine—lute'ine. Presse méd. 53:278–279 (June) 1945.
  • Davis, E. M. and Hellbaum, A. A.: Present status of gonadotropic therapy in gynecologic practice. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 3:517, 1943
  • Finkler, Rita S.: Evaluation of hormonal and radiation therapy in 190 cases of functional sterility and secondary amenorrhea. Am. J. Obst. & Gynec. 58:559–564 (September) 1949.
  • Guterman, H. S.: The physiological basis for the clinical application of progesterone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 10:641, 1950.
  • Kaplan, I. I.: The use of high voltage roentgen therapy in the treatment of amenorrhea and sterility in women. Am. J. Roentgenol. 59:2370–377 (March) 1948.
  • Klinefelter, H. F., Jr., Albright, F. and Griswold, G.: Experience with a quantitative test for normal or decreased amount of follicle-stimulating hormone in the urine in endocrinological diagnosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 3:529, 1943
  • Mazer, Charles and Baer, George: The therapeutic value of low-dosage irradiation of the pituitary gland and ovaries in functional menstrual disorders and sterility. Am. J. Obst. & Gynec. 37:1015–1024 (June) 1939.
  • Rakoff, A. E.: Studies on high dosage progesterone therapy of amenorrhea. Am. J. Obst, & Gynec. 51:480, 1946.
  • Reifenstein, E. C., Jr.: Endocrinology: A synopsis of normal pathologic physiology; diagnostic procedures and therapy. M. Clin. North America 28:1232, 1944.
  • Rydberg, Eric and Pedersen-Bjergaard, K.: Effect of serum gonadotropin on the Human Ovary. J.A.M.A. 121:1117, 1943.
  • Schwartz, H. A.: A simple accurate pregnancy test. Am. J. Obst, & Gynec. 49:213, 1950.
  • Simpson, M. E.: Gonadotropic hormones with special reference to their action on the female reproductive mechanism. West. J. Surg. 52:287–294, 1944.
  • Soskin, S., Wachtel, H. and Hechter, O.: The treatment of delayed menstruation with prostigmine. A therapeutic test. J.A.M.A. 114:2090, 1941.
  • Zondek, Bernhard: Simplified hormonal treatment of amenorrhea. J.A.M.A. 118:705, 1942.
  • Zondek, Bernhard and Rozin, S.: Induction of uterine bleeding with single injection of estrone and progesterone. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 8:406–412 (May) 1946.

Classification and Syndromes

  • Albright, F.: Cushing's syndrome, its pathological physiology, its relationship to the adrenogenital syndrome, and its connection with the problem of the reaction of the body to injurious agents (alarm reaction of Selye). Harvey Lect. 38:123–186, 1942–1943
  • Asherman, J. G.: Amenorrhea traumatica due to atresia or occlusion of the cervical canal. J. Obst, & Gynaec. Brit. Emp. 55:2330 (February) 1948.
  • Cobb, Stanley: Anorexia Nervosa as a Psychosomatic Problem. Emotions and Clinical Medicine. New York, W. C. Norton and Company, 1950, pp. 140–182.
  • Escamilla, Roberto and Lisser, H.: Simmonds' disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. 2:65, 1942.
  • Goldberg, M. B. and Lisser, H.: The Congenital Syndrome of Aplastic Ovaries. Progress in Gynecology. New York, Grune St Stratton, vol. 2, pp. 190–199.
  • Kepler, E. J. and Locke, William: Chronic Adrenal Hyperfunction. Textbook of Endocrinology. Philadelphia, W. B. Saunders Company, 1950, pp. 180–261.
  • Lisser, H.: Differential diagnosis of amenorrhea. Northwest Med. 47:349 (May) 1948.
  • Sheehan, H. L. and Summers, V. K.: The syndrome of hypopituitarism. Quart. J. Med. n.s. 18:319–378 (October) 1949.
  • Stein, I. F.: Bilateral polycystic ovaries. Significance in sterility. Am. J. Obst, & Gynec. 50:385–398, 1945.
  • Sturgis, S. H.: Amenorrhea, Classification and Treatment. Progress in Gynecology. New York, Grune fc Stratton, vol. 2, pp. 163–175.
  • The Illustration of ovarian aplasia is reproduced from: Goldberg, M. B. and Lisser, H.: The congenital syndrome of aplastic ovaries, with primary amenorrhea, short stature, high urinary gonadotropins and other defects. In: Progress in Gynecology, New York, Grune & Stratton, vol. 2, 1950, pp. 190–199.
  • The Illustrations of surgical cstrate, male pseudohermaphroditism, and polycystic ovaries, Respectively, Are Reproduced from: Lisser, H., Curtis, L. E., Escamilla, R. F. and Goldberg, M. B.: The syndrome of congenitally aplastic ovaries with sexual infantilism, high urinary gonadotropins, short stature and other congenital abnormalities. J. Clin. Endocrinol. (Charles C Thomas, publisher) 7:665, 1947; Goldberg, M. and Maxwell, A. F.: Male pseudohermaphroditism. Ibid., 8:367, 1948; Goldberg, M. B., Maxwell, A. F. and Smith, P. M.: Three unusual endocrinopathies with associated ovarian pathology: I. Ovarian agenesis. II. Precocious puberty. III. Virilism. Ibid., 7:11–29, 1947.

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