20
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Anabolic steroid use by athletes

How serious are the health hazards?

Pages 37-49 | Published online: 17 May 2016

References

  • Emmanouel E. History of pharmacy [Istoria pharmakeutikis]. Athens: Pryssos, 1947: 126
  • Bergman R, Leach RE. The use and abuse of anabolic steroids in Olympic-caliber athletes. Clin Orthop 1985: 198: 169–72
  • DiPasquale M. Drug use and detection in amateur sports, update 1. Warkworth. Ontario. Canada: MGD Press. 1986: 4
  • DiPasquale M. Drug use and detection in amateur sports. Warkworth, Ontario. Canada: MGD Press. 1984: 15
  • Oseld S. How can we prevent and control the use and misuse of anabolic steroids in international sport? Br J Sports Med 1977: 11(4): 174–5
  • Buskink ER. American College of Sports Medicine position stand on the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids in sports. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1987: 19(5): 534–9
  • Hatfield F. Anabolic steroids: what kind and how many. Los Angeles: Fitness Systems. 1982: 3
  • Taylor WN, ed. Anabolic steroids and the athlete. Jefferson. NC: McFarland. 1982: 3
  • Wright J. Anabolic steroids and athletics. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1980: 8(Sep): 149–202
  • Wright JE. Anabolic steroids and sports. Natick, MA: Sports Science Consultants. 1978: 7
  • Alén M, Häkkinen K. Physical health and fitness of an elite bodybuilder during 1 year of self-administration of testosterone and anabolic steroids: a case study. Int J Sports Med 1985: 6(1): 24–9
  • Duda M. Do anabolic steroids pose an ethical dilemma for US physicians? Phys Sportsmed 1986: 14(Nov): 173–5
  • Lamb DR. Anabolic steroids in athletics: how well do they work and how dangerous are they? Am J Sports Med 1984: 12(1): 31–8
  • Miller C. Anabolic steroids: an Australian sports physician goes public. Phys Sportsmed 1986: 14(Nov): 167–70
  • Alén M, Häkkinen K. Androgenic steroid effects on serum hormones and on maximal force development in strength athletes. J Sports Med Physical Fitness 1987: 27(1): 38–46
  • Haupt H, Rovere G. Anabolic steroids: a review of the literature. Am J Sports Med 1984: 12(6): 469–84
  • Kopera H. The history of anabolic steroids and a review of clinical experience with anabolic steroids. Acta Endocrinol 1985: 110(Suppl 271): 11–8
  • Kochakian C. A comparison of the renotrophic with the androgenic activities of various steroids. Am J Physiol 1944: 142(3): 315–25
  • Eisenburg E, Gordon G. The levator ani muscle of the rat as an index of myotrophic activity of steroidal hormones. J Pharmacol Exp Therapeutics 1950: 99(1): 38–44
  • Krüskemper HL. Anabolic steroids. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. 1968: 185–6
  • Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Rail TW, et al, eds. Goodman and Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan, 1985: 47
  • Alén M. Androgenic steroid effects on liver and red cells. Br J Sports Med 1985: 19(1): 15–20
  • Taylor W. Hormonal manipulation: a new era of monstrous athletes. London: McFarland. 1985: 20–1
  • Wright,10 vol 2. p 125
  • Bergink EW, Geelen JA, Eurpinj EW. Metabolism and receptor binding of nandrolone and testosterone under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Acta Endocrinol 1985: 110(Suppl 271): 31–7
  • Taylor,8 pp 14–5, 1446
  • Hatfield,7 p 7
  • Taylor,9 p 46
  • Ibid, pp 14–5
  • Krüskemper,20 pp 180–90
  • Wright,10 p 34
  • Hervey GR, Knibbs AV, Burkinshaw L, et al. Effects of methandienone on the performance and body composition of men undergoing athletic training. Clin Sci 1981: 60(4): 457–61
  • Hervey GR, Hutchinson I, Knibbs AV, et al. “Anabolic” effects of methandienone in men undergoing athletic training. Lancet 1976: 2(Oct 2): 699–702
  • James VH, Landon J, Wynn V. Effect of an anabolic steroid (methandienone) on the metabolism of cortisol in the human. J Endocrinol 1962: 25(Oct): 211–20
  • Wilson JD, Griffin JE. The use and misuse of androgens. Metabolism 1980: 29(12): 1278–95
  • Tepperman J. Metabolic and endocrine physiology: an introductory text. 3d ed. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers. 1973
  • Wright,10 p 36
  • Taylor,8 p 19
  • Gilman et al, eds,21 p 39
  • Wright,10 p 49
  • Alén M, Reinila M, Vihko R. Response of serum hormones to androgen administration in power athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1985: 17(3): 354–9
  • Forbes G. The effect of anabolic steroids on lean body mass: the dose response curve. Metabolism 1985: 34(6): 571–3
  • Hatfield,7 pp 11–3
  • Strauss RH, Liggett M, Lanese R. Anabolic steroid use and perceived effects in ten weight-trained women athletes. JAMA 1985: 253(19): 2871–4
  • Taylor.8 p 21
  • DiPasquale,3 p 12
  • Wright,10 p 38
  • Taylor,23 p 15
  • Mellion MB. Anabolic steroids in athletics. Am Fam Physician 1984: 30(1): 113–9
  • Wade N. Anabolic steroids: doctors denounce them but athletes aren't listening. Science 1972: 176(Jun): 1399–403
  • Wright,10 p 51
  • Goldman B, Bush P, Klatz R, eds. Death in the locker room: steroids, cocaine and sports. Tucson: The Body Press. 1987: 1–3
  • Dyment PG. Drugs and the adolescent athlete. Pediatr Ann 1984: 13(8): 602–4
  • Goldman B. Liver carcinoma in an athlete taking anabolic steroids. J Am Osteop Assn 1985: 85(2): 56
  • Wright,10 p 6
  • Hatfield,7 pp 22–9
  • Taylor,8 pp 27–8
  • Hatfield,7 pp 22–4
  • Alén M, Rahkila P, Reinila M, et al. Androgenic-anabolic steroid effects on serum thyroid, pituitary and steroid hormones in athletes. Am J Sports Med 1987: 15(4): 357–61
  • Hatfield,7 p 12
  • Gilman et al, eds,21 pp 1447,1450–1
  • Webb L, Laskarzewski P, Glueck C. Severe depression of high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in weight lifters and body builders by self-administered exogenous testosterone and anabolic-androgenic steroids. Metabolism 1984: 23(11): 971–5
  • Alén M, Rahkila P, Marniemi J. Serum lipids in power athletes self-administering testosterone and anabolic steroids. Int J Sports Med 1985: 6(3): 139–44
  • Overly WL, Dankoff JA, Wang BK, et al. Androgens and hepatocellular carcinoma in an athlete. (Letter) Ann Intern Med 1984: 100(1): 158–9
  • Wright,10 pp 80–7
  • Wynn V, Landon J, Kawerau E. Studies of hepatic function during methandienone therapy Lancet 1961: 1 (Jan 14): 69–75
  • Orlandi F, Jezequel AM, eds. Liver and drugs. Orlando. FL: Academic Press. 1972: 209–10
  • Wright,10 p 86
  • Contostavlos DL. Benign hepatomas and oral contraceptives. (Letter) Lancet 1973: 2(Nov 24): 1200
  • Krüskemper,20 pp 172–6
  • Peters JH, Randall AH Jr, Mendeloff J, et al. Jaundice during administration of methylestrenolone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1958: 18(Jan): 114–5
  • Wright,10 p 92
  • Prat J, Gray GF, Stolley PD, et al. Wilms' tumor in an adult associated with androgen abuse. JAMA 1977: 237(21): 2322–3
  • Delamore IW, Geary CG. Aplastic anaemia, acute myeloblastic leukaemia, and oxymetholone. Br Med J 1971: 2(Jun 26): 743–5
  • King JB, Burns DG. Aplastic anaemia, oxymetholone and acute myeloid leukaemia. S Afr Med J 1972: 46(43): 1622–3
  • Alén M, Suominen J. Effect of androgenic and anabolic steroids on spermatogenesis in power athletes. Int J Sports Med 1984: 5(Oct): 189–92
  • Dorfman RI, Shipley RA. Androgens: biochemistry, physiology, and clinical significance. New York: J Wiley. 1956: 53
  • Heller CG, Moore DJ, Paulsen CA, et al. Effects of progesterone and synthetic progestins on the reproductive physiology of normal men. Fed Proc 1959: 18(Dec): 1057–65
  • Johnson LC, Fisher G, Silvester LJ, et al. Anabolic steroid: effects on strength, body weight, oxygen uptake and spermatogenesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1972: 4(1): 43–5
  • Mason AS. Male sexual precocity: the clinician's view. In: James VH, Martini L, Serio M, eds. The endocrine function of the human testis. Vol 2. Orlando, FL: Academic Press. 1974: 131–43
  • Taylor W, Black A. Pervasive anabolic steroid use among health club athletes. Ann Sports Med 1987: 3(2): 155–9
  • Pope H, Katt D. Affective and psychotic symptoms associated with anabolic steroid use. Am J Psychiatry 1988: 145(4): 487–90
  • Annitto W, Layman W. Anabolic steroids and acute schizophrenic episode. J Clin Psychiatry 1980: 41(4): 143–4
  • Freinhar J, Alvarez W. Androgen-induced hypomania. (Letter) J Clin Psychiatry 1985: 46(8): 354–5
  • Todd T. Anabolic steroids: the gremlins of sport. J Sports History 1987: 14(1): 87–107
  • Spitter R, Williams J, Gibbon M. Structured clinical interview for DSM III-R. New York: Biometrics Research, 1987
  • Alén M, Rahkila P. Reduced high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in power athletes: use of male sex hormone derivates. an atherogenic factor. Int J Sports Med 1984: 5(6): 341–2
  • Häkkinen K, Alén M. Physiological performance, serum hormones, enzymes and lipids of an elite power athlete during training with and without androgens and during prolonged detraining: a case study. J Sports Med Physical Fitness 1986: 26(1): 92–100
  • Applebaum-Bowden D, Haffner S, Hazzard W. Increases in hepatic triglyceride lipase with stanozolol. (Abstr) Arteriosclerosis 1981: 1(5): 373a
  • Harries M. Deaths of athletes. (Editorial) Br Med J (Clin Res) 1985: 290(6469): 656–7
  • Rich V. Mortality of Soviet athletes. Nature 1984: 311(4): 402–3
  • Sperryn PN. Deaths of athletes. (Letter) Br Med J (Clin Res) 1985: 290(6475): 1147
  • Murphy RJ. The use and abuse of drugs in athletics in sports injuries: mechanism, prevention, and treatment. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1985: 627–35
  • DiPasquale,4 p 50
  • Johnson FL. The association of oral androgenic- anabolic steroids and life-threatening disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1975: 7(4): 284–6
  • Millar AP. Anabolic steroids: should they be used to improve athletic performance? Curr Ther 1985: 26(10): 17–21
  • Payne AH. Anabolic steroids in athletics (or the rise of mediocrity). Br J Sports Med 1975: 9(2): 83–8

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.