42
Views
12
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Why do women live longer than men?

Biologic differences that influence longevity

Pages 271-283 | Published online: 17 May 2016

References

  • Wingard DL. The sex differential in morbidity, mortality, and lifestyle. Annu Rev Public Health 1984: 5: 433–58
  • Sullivan JL. The sex differential in ischemic heart disease. Perspect Biol Med 1983: 26: 657–71
  • Wallace RB, Hoover J, Barrett-Connor E, et al. Altered plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels associated with oral contraceptive and estrogen use. Lancet 1979: 2: 111–4
  • US Department of Health and Human Services. The lipid research clinics: population studies data book. Vol 1. The prevalence study. Bethesda: Dept of Health and Human Services, 1980: NIH publication No. 80: 1527
  • Applebaum-Bowden D, Hazzard W, McLean P, et al. Estrogen reduces LDL cholesterol on high cholesterol diet in post-menopausal women. (Abstr) Arteriosclerosis 1982: 2: 415A
  • Hazzard WR. Biological basis of the sex differential in longevity. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986: 34(6): 455–71
  • Hazzard WR. Preliminary report: kinetic studies of the modulation of high-density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein, and subfraction metabolism by sex steroids in a postmenopausal woman. Metabolism 1984: 33: 779–84
  • The Veterans Administration Co-operative Urological Research Group. Treatment and survival of patients with cancer of the prostate. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1967: 124: 1011
  • Coronary Drug Project Research Group. The coronary drug project: initial findings leading to modifications of research protocol. JAMA 1970: 214: 1301
  • Phillips AB. Evidence for hyperoestrogenaemia as a risk factor for myocardial infarction in men. Lancet 1976: 2: 14
  • Phillips AB. Relationship between serum sex-hormones and glucose, insulin, and lipid abnormalities in men with myocardial infarction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977: 74: 1729
  • Bush TL, Barrett-Connor E, Cowan LD, et al. Cardiovascular mortality and noncontraceptive use of estrogen in women: results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study. Circulation 1987: 75: 1102–9
  • Pfeffer RI, Shipple GH, Kurosake TT, et al. Coronary risk and estrogen use in postmenopausal women. Am J Epidemiol 1978: 107: 479

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.