22
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Understanding circulatory shock

Is it hypovolemic, cardiogenic, or vasogenic?

Pages 121-129 | Published online: 17 May 2016

References

  • Accuracy of the references is the responsibility of the authors.
  • American College of Surgeons, Committee on Trauma. Shock. In: Advanced Trauma Life Support. Chicago: American College of Surgeons, 1988: 57–88
  • Alonso DR, Scheidt S, Post M, et al. Pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock: quantification of myocardial necrosis, clinical, pathological and electrocardiographic correlation. Circulation 1973: 48(Sep): 588–96
  • Dole WP, O'Rourke RA. Pathophysiology and management of cardiogenic shock. Curr Prob Cardiol 1983: 8: 11–72
  • Groeneveld AB, Bronsveld W, Thijs LG. Hemodynamic determinant of mortality in human septic shock. Surgery 1986: 99: 140–53
  • Ferguson DM, Abboud FM. The pathophysiology, recognition, and management of shock. In: Hurst JW, ed. The heart, arteries and veins. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990: 442–61
  • Narins RG, Cohen JJ. Bicarbonate therapy for organic acidosis: the case for its continued use. Ann Intern Med 1987: 106: 615–8
  • Mäkisalo HJ, Soini HO, Nordin AJ, et al. Effects of bicarbonate therapy on tissue oxygenation during resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock. Crit Care Med 1989: 17(11): 1170–4
  • Mathieu D, Neviere R, Billard V, et al. Effects of bicarbonate therapy on hemodynamics and tissue oxygenation in patients with lactic acidosis: a prospective, controlled clinical study. Crit Care Med 1991: 19(11): 1352–6
  • Shoemaker WC, Schluchter M, Hopkins JA, et al. Comparison of the relative effectiveness of colloids and crystalloids in emergency resuscitation. Am J Surg 1981: 142: 73–84
  • Hankeln K, Rädel C, Beez M. Comparison of hydroxyethyl starch and lactated Ringers solution on hemodynamics and oxygen transport of critically ill patients in prospective crossover studies. Crit Care Med 1989: 17(2): 133–5
  • Ducey JP, Mozingo DW, Lamiell JM, et al. A comparison of the cerebral and cardiovascular effects of complete resuscitation with isotonic and hypertonic saline, hetastarch, and whole blood following hemorrhage. J Trauma 1989: 29(11): 1510–8
  • Murray DJ, Olson J, Strauss R, et al. Coagulation changes during packed red cell replacement of major blood loss. Anesthesiology 1988: 69: 839–45
  • Cane RD. Hemoglobin: How much is enough? Crit Care Med 1990: 18(9): 1046–7
  • Uretsky BF, Lawless CE, Verbalis JG. Combined therapy with dobutamine and amrinone in severe heart failure: improved hemodynamics and increased activation of the reninangiotensin system with combined intravenous therapy. Chest 1987: 92(4): 657–62
  • Meadows D, Edwards JD, Wilkins RG, et al. Reversal of intractable septic shock with norepinephrine therapy. Crit Care Med 1988: 16(7): 663–6
  • Bollaert PE, Bauer P, Audibert G, et al. Effects of epinephrine on hemodynamics and oxygen metabolism in dopamine-resistant septic shock. Chest 1990: 98: 949–53
  • Bone RC, Fisher CJ, Clemmer TP, et al. A controlled clinical trial of high-dose methyl-prednisolone in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 1987: 317(11): 653–8
  • Mackenzie CF, Shin B, Krishnaprasad D, et al. Assessment of cardiac and respiratory function during surgery on patients with acute quadriplegia. J Neurosurg 1985: 62(Jun): 843–9
  • Greenman RL, Schein RM, Martin MA, et al. A controlled clinical trial of E5 murine monoclonal IgM antibody to endotoxin in the treatment of gram-negative sepsis. JAMA 1991: 266(8): 1097–1102
  • Ziegler EJ, Fisher CJ, Sprung CL, et al. Treatment of gram-negative bacteremia and septic shock with HA-1A human monoclonal antibody against endotoxin: a randomized, doubleblind placebo-controlled trial. N Engl J Med 1991: 324(7): 429–36

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.