References
- Donovan M, Dillon P, McGuire L. Incidence and characteristics of pain in a sample of medical-surgical inpatients. Pain 1987: 30(1): 69–78
- Anand KJ, Hickey PR. Halothane-morphine compared with high-dose sufentanil for anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in neonatal cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 1992: 326(1): 1–9
- Weiss B, Hait WN. Selective cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1977: 17: 441–77
- Jurna I, Brune K. Central effect of the nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agents, indomethacin, ibuprofen, and diclofenac, determined in C fibre-evoked activity in single neurones of the rat thalamus. Pain 1990: 41(1): 71–80
- Rosenblum M, Weller RS, Conard PL, et al. Ibuprofen provides longer lasting analgesia than fentanyl after laparoscopic surgery. Anesth Analg 1991: 73(3): 255–9
- Cashman JN, Jones RM, Foster JM, et al. Comparison of infusions of morphine and lysine acetyl salicylate for the relief of pain after surgery. Br J Anaesth 1985: 57(3): 255–8
- Maunuksela EL, Olkkola KT, Korpela R. Does prophylactic intravenous infusion of in-domethacin improve the management of postoperative pain in children? Can J Anaesth 1988: 35(2): 123–7
- Burns JW, Aitken HA, Bullingham RE, et al. Double-blind comparison of the morphine sparing effect of continuous and intermittent i.m. administration of ketorolac. Br J Anaesth 1991: 67(3): 235–8
- Tammisto T. Analgesics in postoperative pain relief. Acta Anaesth Scand 1978: 70(Suppl): 47–50
- Keeri-Szanto M. Apparatus for demand analgesia. Can J Anaesth 1971: 18(5): 581–2
- Sechzer PH. Studies in pain with the analgesic-demand system. Anesth Analg 1971: 50(1): 1–10
- White PF. Use of patient-controlled analgesia for management of acute pain. JAMA 1988: 259(2): 243–7
- Marlowe S, Engstrom R, White PF. Epidural patient-controlled analgesia (PCA): an alternative to continuous epidural infusions. Pain 1989: 37(1): 97–101
- Behar M, Magora F, Olshwang D, et al. Epidural morphine in treatment of pain. Lancet 1979: 1(8115): 527–9
- Stenseth R, Sellevold O, Breivik H. Epidural morphine for postoperative pain: experience with 1085 patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1985: 29: 148–56
- Rawal N, Schott U, Dahlstrom B, et al. Influence of naloxone infusion on analgesia and respiratory depression following epidural morphine. Anesthesiology 1986: 64(2): 194–201
- Varvel JR, Shafer SL, Hwang SS, et al. Absorption characteristics of transdermally administered fentanyl. Anesthesiology 1989: 70(6): 928–34
- Latasch L, Luders S. Transdermal fentanyl against postoperative pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Belg 1989: 40(2): 113–9
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Selected readings
- Beiley PL, Stanley TH. Narcotic intravenous anesthetics. In: Miller RD, ed. Anesthesia. 3d ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1990: 293–6
- Bonica JJ. Current status of postoperative pain therapy. In: Yokota T, Dubner R, eds. Current topics in pain research and therapy. New York: Elsevier (Excerpta Medica), 1983: 169
- Lutz LJ, Lamer TJ. Management of postoperative pain: review of current techniques and methods. Mayo Clin Proc 1990: 65: 584–96
- Murray MJ. Pain problems in the ICU. Crit Care Clin 1990: 6: 235–53