Practical implementation of incretin-based therapy in hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes

References

• Schwartz S, DeFronzo RA. Is incretin-based therapy ready for the care of hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes?: The time has come for GLP-1 receptor agonists!. Diabetes Care 2013;36:2107–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umpierrez GE, Korytkowski M. Is incretin-based therapy ready for the care of hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes?: Insulin therapy has proven itself and is considered the mainstay of treatment. Diabetes Care 2013;36:2112–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health Forum, LLC. American Hospital Association Hospital Statistics. (2009 survey data) American Hospital Association; Chicago: 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Wu AW, Pronovost P, Morlock L. ICU incident reporting systems. J Crit Care 2002;17:86–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Falciglia M, Freyberg RW, Almenoff PL, D’Alessio DA, Render ML. Hyperglycemia-related mortality in critically ill patients varies with admission diagnosis. Crit Care Med 2009;37:3001–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement S, Braithwaite SS, Magee MF, et al. on behalf of the Diabetes in Hospitals Writing Committee. Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in hospitals. Diabetes Care 2004;27:553–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL, Horne BD, et al. Intermountain Heart Collaborative Group. Effect of fasting glucose levels on mortality rate in patients with and without diabetes mellitus and coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Am Heart J 2003;146:351–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furnary AP, Wu Y. Clinical effects of hyperglycemia in the cardiac surgery population: the Portland Diabetic Project. Endocr Pract 2006;12:22–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1359–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmberg K, Ryden L, Wedel H, Birkeland K, Bootsma A; DIGAMI 2 Investigators. Intense metabolic control by means of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI 2): effects on mortality and morbidity. Eur Heart J 2005;26:650–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, Meier-Hellman A, Ragaller M; German Competence Network Sepsis (SepNet). Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med 2008;358:125–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preiser JC, Devos P, Ruiz-Santana S; European Glucontrol Trial. A prospective randomised multi-centre controlled trial on tight glucose control by intensive insulin therapy in adult intensive care units: the Glucontrol study. Intensive Care Med 2009;35:1738–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators. Finfer S, Chittock DR, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1283–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med 2006;354:449–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turchin A, Matheny ME, Shubina M, et al. Hypoglycemia and clinical outcomes in patients with diabetes hospitalized in the general ward. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1153–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiener RS, Wiener DC, Larson RJ. Benefits and risks of tight glucose control in critically ill adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2008;300:933–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The ACE/ADA Task Force on inpatient diabetes. American College of Endocrinology and American Diabetes Association consensus statement on inpatient diabetes and glycemic control. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1955–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The ACE/ADA Task Force on inpatient diabetes. American College of Endocrinology and American Diabetes Association consensus statement on inpatient diabetes and glycemic control. Endocr Pract 2006;12:458–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inzucchi SE, Siegel MD. Glucose control in the ICU—how tight is too tight? N Engl J Med 2009;360:1346–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobi J, Bircher N, Krinsley J, et al. Guidelines for the use of an insulin infusion for the management of hyperglycemia in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2012;40:3251–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauck MA, Vilsboll T, Gallwitz B, Garber A, Madsbad S. Incretin-based therapies: viewpoints on the way to consensus. Diabetes Care 2009;32:S223–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nauck MA, Vardarli I, Deacon CF, Deacon CF, Holst JJ, Meier JJ. Secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in type 2 diabetes: what is up, what is down? Diabetologia 2011;54:10–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Raalte DH, van Genugten RE, Linssen MM, Ouwens DM, Diamant M. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist treatment prevents glucocorticoid-induced glucose intolerance and islet-cell dysfunction in humans. Diabetes Care 2011;34:412–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ranta F, Avram D, Berchtold S, et al. Dexamethasone induces cell death in insulin-secreting cells, an effect reversed by exendin-4. Diabetes 2006;55:1380–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilton R, Wyatt J, Nandish S, Oliverso R, Lujan M. Cardiovascular comorbidities of type 2 diabetes mellitus: defining the potential of glucagonlike peptide-1-based therapies. Am J Med 2011;124:S35–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratner R, Han J, Nicewarner D, Yushamanova I, Hoogwerf BJ, Shen L. Cardiovascular safety of exenatide BID: an integrated analysis from controlled clinical trials in participants with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011;10:22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFronzo RA, Okerson T, Viswanathan P, Guan X, Holcombe JH, MacConell L. Effects of exenatide versus sitagliptin on postprandial glucose, insulin and glucagon secretion, gastric emptying, and caloric intake: a randomized, cross-over study. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24:2943–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umpierrez GE, Gianchandani R, Smiley D, et al. Safety and efficacy of sitagliptin therapy for the inpatient management of general medicine and surgery patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot, randomized, controlled study. Diabetes Care 2013;36:3430–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umpierrez GE, Schwartz S. Use of incretin-based therapy in hospitalized patients with hyperglycemia. Endocr Pract 2014;20:1–36.
   Google Scholar
• Cervera A, Wajcberg E, Sriwijitkamol A, et al. Mechanism of action of exenatide to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes. Am J Phys Endocrinol Metab 2008;294:E846–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohl BA, Hammond MS, Cucchiara AJ, Ochroch EA. Intravenous GLP-1 (7-36) amide for prevention of hyperglycemia during cardiac surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Cardiothorac Vascul Anesthes 2014;28:618–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sourij H, Schmolzer I, Kettler-Schmut E, et al. Efficacy of a continuous GLP-1 infusion compared with a structured insulin infusion protocol to reach normoglycemia in nonfasted type 2 diabetic patients: a clinical pilot trial. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1669–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deane AM, Chapman MJ, Fraser RJ, et al. The effect of exogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 on the glycaemic response to small intestinal nutrient in the critically ill: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled cross over study. Critical Care 2009;13:R67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mussig K, Oncu A, Lindauer P, et al. Effects of intravenous glucagon-like peptide-1 on glucose control and hemodynamics after coronary artery bypass surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Cardiol 2008;102:646–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meier JJ, Weyhe D, Michaely M, et al. Intravenous glucagon-like peptide 1 normalizes blood glucose after major surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes. Crit Care Med 2004;32:848–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abuannadi M, Kosiborod M, Riggs L, et al. Management of hyperglycemia with the administration of intravenous exenatide to patients in the cardiac intensive care unit. Endocr Pract 2013;19:81–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halbirk M, Norrelund H, Moller N, et al. Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of 48-h glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion in compensated chronic patients with heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010;298:H1096–102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mecott GA, Herndon DN, Kulp GA, et al. The use of exenatide in severely burned pediatric patients. Crit Care 2010;14:R153.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sokos GG, Bolukoglu H, German J, et al. Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) on glycemic control and left ventricular function in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol 2007;100:824–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolaidis LA, Mankad S, Sokos GG, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction after successful reperfusion. Circulation 2004;109:962–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonborg J, Kelbaek H, Vejlstrup N, et al. Exenatide reduces final infarct size in patients with ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction and short-duration of ischemia. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2012;5:288–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Read PA, Khan FZ, Heck PM, Heck PM, Hoole SP, Dutka DP. DPP-4 inhibition by sitagliptin improves the myocardial response to dobutamine stress and mitigates stunning in a pilot study of patients with coronary artery disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2010;3:195–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokos GG, Nikolaidis LA, Mankad S, Elahi D, Shannon RP. Glucagon-like peptide-1 infusion improves left ventricular ejection fraction and functional status in patients with chronic heart failure. J Cardiac Fail 2006;12:694–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane JT, Odegaard DE, Haire CE, Collier DS, Wrenshall LE, Stevens RB. Sitagliptin therapy in kidney transplant recipients with new-onset diabetes after transplantation. Transplantation 2011;92:e56–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonne DP, Engstrom T, Treiman M. Protective effects of GLP-1 analogues exendin-4 and GLP-1(9-36) amide against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat heart. Regul Pept 2008;146:243–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irace C, De Luca S, Shehaj E, et al. Exenatide improves endothelial function assessed by flow mediated dilation technique in subjects with type 2 diabetes: results from an observational research. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2013;10:72–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutzwiller JP, Tschopp S, Bock A, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 induces natriuresis in healthy subjects and in insulin-resistant obese men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:3055–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scirica BM, Bhatt DL, Braunwald E, Steg PG, Davidson J, Hirshberg B; SAVOR-TIMI 53 Steering Committee and investigators. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1317–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White WB, Cannon CP, Heller SR, Nissen SE, Bergenstal RM, Bakris GL; EXAMINE investigators. Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1327–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sniderman AD, LaChapelle KJ, Rachon NA, Furberg CD. The necessity for clinical reasoning in the era of evidence-based medicine. Mayo Clin Proc 2013;88:1108–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratley RE, Nauck M, Bailey T, Montanya E, Cuddihy R, Filetti S; 1860-LIRA-DPP-4 Study Group. Liraglutide versus sitagliptin for patients with type 2 diabetes who did not have adequate glycaemic control with metformin: a 26-week, randomised, parallel-group, open-label trial. Lancet 2010;375:1447–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deane AM, Nguyen NQ, Stevens JE, et al. Endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 slows gastric emptying in healthy subjects, attenuating postprandial glycemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;95:215–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellero C, Han J, Bhavsar S, et al. Prophylactic use of anti-emetic medications reduced nausea and vomiting associated with exenatide treatment: a retrospective analysis of an open-label, parallel-group, single-dose study in healthy subjects. Diabetic Med 2010;27:1168–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar