304
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Features - Review

Detecting nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and anticoagulant therapy in cardioembolic ischemic stroke

&
Pages 620-628 | Received 30 Dec 2015, Accepted 25 May 2016, Published online: 10 Jun 2016

References

  • European Heart Rhythm Association, European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Camm AJ, et al. Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the task force for the management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2010;31:2369–2429.
  • Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. American heart association statistics committee and stroke statistics subcommittee. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;133:e38–360.
  • Stewart S, Hart CL, Hole DJ, et al. Population prevalence, incidence, and predictors of atrial fibrillation in the Renfrew/Parisley study. Heart. 2001;86:516–521.
  • Wolf PA, Abbott RD, Kannel WB. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham study. Stroke. 1991;22:983–988.
  • Wang TJ, Massaro JM, Levy D, et al. A risk score for predicting stroke or death in individuals with new-onset atrial fibrillation in the community. JAMA. 2003;290:1049–1056.
  • Friberg L, Hammar N, Rosenqvist M. Stroke in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: report from the Stockholm cohort of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:967–975.
  • Marin C, De Santis F, Sacco S, et al. Contribution of atrial fibrillation to incidence and outcome of ischemic stroke: results from a population-based study. Stroke. 2005;36:1115–1119.
  • Wann LS, Curtis AB, January CT, et al. 2011 ACC/AHA/HRS focused update on the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (updating the 2006 guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011;123:104–123.
  • Camm AJ, Lip GY, De Caterina R, et al. 2012 focusing update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:2719–2747.
  • Wann LS, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA, et al. 2011 ACCF/HAH/HRS focused update on the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (update on Dabigatran): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guideline. Circulation. 2011;123:1144–1150.
  • Gulebras A, Messe SR, Chaturvedi S, et al. Summary of evidence-based guideline update: prevention of stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: report of the guideline development subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2014;82:716–724.
  • January CT, Wan LS, Alpert JS, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(21):e1–e76.
  • Adams HP Jr., Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment. Stroke. 1993;24:35–41.
  • Gao S, Wang YJ, Xu AD, et al. Chinese ischemic stroke subclassification. Fron Neurol. 2011;2:1–6. article 6.
  • Chen PH, Gao S, Wang YJ, et al. Classifying ischemic stroke, from TOAST to CISS. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2012;18(16):452–456.
  • Grau AJ, Eicke M, Biegler MK, et al. Quality monitoring of acute stroke care in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany 2001-2006. Stroke. 2010;41:1495–1500.
  • Schwamm LH, Ali SF, Reeves MJ, et al. Temporal trends in patient characteristics and treatment with intravenous thrombolysis among acute ischemic stroke patients at get with the guidelines-stroke hospitals. Circ Cardiovas Qual Outcomes. 2013;6:543–549.
  • Liao J, Khalid Z, Scallan C, et al. Noninvasive cardiac monitoring for detecting paroxysmal atrial fibrillation or flutter after acute ischemic stroke: a systemic review. Stroke. 2007;38:2935–2940.
  • Rizos T, Guntner J, Jenetzk E, et al. Continuous stroke unit electrocardiographic monitoring versus 24-hour Holter electrocardiography for detecting of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after stroke. Stroke. 2012;43:2689–2694.
  • Elijovich L, Josephson SA, Fung GL, et al. Intermittent atrial fibrillation may account for a large proportion of otherwise cryptogenic stroke: a study of 30-day cardiac event monitors. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;18:185–189.
  • Sanna T, Diener HC, Passman RS, et al. for the CRYSTAL AF investigators. Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2478–2486.
  • Gladstone DJ, Spring M, Dorian P, et al. EMBRACE investigators and coordinators. Atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2467–2477.
  • Gacs G, Fox AJ, Barnett HJM, et al. CT visualization of intracranial arterial thromboembolism. Stroke. 1983;14:756–562.
  • Pepi M, Evangelista A, Nihoyannopoulos P, et al. Recommendations for echocardiography use in the diagnosis and management of cardiac sources of embolism: European Association of Echocardiography (EAE) (a registered branch of the ESC). Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11:461–476.
  • Jauch EC, Saver JL, Adams HP, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke a guideline for health professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013;44:870–947.
  • European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Executive Committee, ESO Writing Committee. Guidelines for management of ischaemic stroke and transient ischaemic attack 2008. Cerebrovas Dis. 2008;25:457–507.
  • Douen AG, Pageau N, Medic S. Serial electrocardiographic assessments significantly improve detection of atrial fibrillation 2.6-fold in patients with acute stroke. Stroke. 2008;39:480–482.
  • Jabaudon D, Sztajzel J, Sievert K, et al. Usefulness of ambulatory 7-day ECG monitoring for the detection of atrial fibrillation and flutter after acute stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2004;35:1647–1651.
  • Spring M, Dorian P, Fry B, et al. A 30-day cardiac event monitor belt for recording paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after a cerebral ischemic event. The EMBRACE pilot study. Stroke. 2008;39:371–572.
  • Sposato LA, Klein FR, Jouregui A, et al. Newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation after acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack: importance of immediate and prolonged continuous cardiac monitoring. J Stroke Cerebrovas Dis. 2012;21:210–216.
  • Fint AC, Banki NM, Ren X, et al. Detection of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation by 30-day event monitoring in cryptogenic ischemic stroke: the Stroke and monitoring for PAF in real time (SMART) registry. Stroke. 2012;43:2788–2790.
  • Gladstone DJ, Spring M, Dorian P, et al. Atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:2467–2477.
  • Israel CW, Gronefeld G, Ehrlich JR, et al. Long-term risk of recurrent atrial fibrillation as documented by an implantable monitoring device: implications for optimal patient care. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:47–52.
  • Kishore A, Vail A, Majid A, et al. Detection of atrial fibrillation after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2014;45:520–526.
  • Suissa L, Bertora D, Lachaud S, et al. Score for the targeting of atrial fibrillation (STAF): a new approach to the detection of atrial fibrillation in the secondary prevention of ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2009;40:2866–2868.
  • Suissa L, Mahagne MH, Lachaud S. Score for the targeting of atrial fibrillation: a new approach to diagnosing paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011;31:442–447.
  • Horstmann S, Rizos T, Guntner J, et al. Does the STAT score help detect paroxysmal atrial fibrillation in acute stroke patients? Eur J Neurol. 2013;20:147–152.
  • Malik S, Hicks WJ, Schultz L, et al. Development of a scoring system for atrial fibrillation in acute stroke and transient ischemic attack patients: the LADS scoring system. J Neurol Sci. 2011;301:27–30.
  • Healey JS, Connolly SJ, Gold MR, et al. Subclinical atrial fibrillation and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:120–129.
  • Meschia JF, Bushnell C, Boden-Albala B, et al. Guidelines for the primary prevention of stroke. A statement for healthcare professionals from the American heart association/American stroke association. Stroke. 2014;45:3754–3832.
  • Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:857–867.
  • Stein PD, Alpert JS, Bussey HI, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in patients with mechanical and biological prosthetic heart valves. Chest. 2001;119(Suppl 1):220S–227S.
  • Rash A, Downes T, Portner R, et al. A randomized controlled trial of warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in octogenarians with atrial fibrillation (WASPO). Age Ageing. 2007;36:151–156.
  • Mant J, Hobbs FD, Fletcher K, et al. Warfarin verse aspirin for stroke prevention in an elderly community population with atrial fibrillation (the Birmingham atrial fibrillation treatment of the aged study, BAFTA): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;370:493–503.
  • Hart RG, Palacio S, Pearce LA. Atrial fibrillation, stroke, and acute antithrombotic therapy: analysis of randomized clinical trials. Stroke. 2002;33(11):2722–2727.
  • Paciaroni M, Agnelli G, Micheli S, et al. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulant treatment in acute cardioembolic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke. 2007;38(2):423–430.
  • Kernan WN, Ovbiagele B, Black HR, et al. Guideline for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2014;45:2160–2236.
  • Huang SM, Lesko LJ. Drug-drug, drug—dietary supplement, and drug—citrus fruit and other food interactions: what have we learned? J Clin Pharmacol. 2004;44(6):559–569.
  • Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation study: final results. Circulation. 1991;84:527–539.
  • Pengo V, Pegoraro C, Cucchini U, et al. Worldwide management of oral anticoagulant therapy: the ISAM study. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2006;21(1):73–77.
  • Ansell J, Hirsh J, Dalen J, et al. Managing oral anticoagulant therapy. Chest. 2001;119:22S–38S.
  • Lin P. Reviewing the reality: why we need to change. Eur Heart J. 2005;7(Suppl E):E15–E20.
  • Alonso-Coello P, Zhou Q, Guyatt G. Home-monitoring of oral anticoagulation vs. dabigatran: an indirect comparison. Thromb Haemost. 2012;108:647–653.
  • Rasmussen LH, Larsen TB, Graungaard T, et al. Primary and secondary prevention with new oral anticoagulant drugs for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: indirect comparison analysis. BMJ. 2012;345:e7079.
  • Biedermann JS, Van Rein N, Vab Deb Besselaar AM, et al. Impact of point-of-care INR monitoring on quality of treatment with vitamin K antagonists in non-self-monitoring patients: a cohort study. J Thromb Haemost. 2016 Jan 25. DOI:10.1111/jfn.13272.
  • Prescrire Editorial Staff. Immunoallergic adverse effects of fluindione. Prescrire Int. 2010;19(110):255–256.
  • Olesen JB, Lip GYH, Lindhardsen J, et al. Risks of thromboembolism and bleeding with thromboprophylaxis in patients with atrial fibrillation: a net clinical benefit analysis using a “real world” nationwide cohort study. Thromb Haemost. 2011;106:739–749.
  • ACTIVE Writing Group of the ACTIVE Investigators, Connolly S, Pogue J, et al. Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the atrial fibrillation clopidogrel trial with irbesartan for prevention of vascular events (ACTIVE W): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2006;367:1903–1912.
  • ACTIVE Investigators, Connolly SJ, Pogue J, et al. Effect of clopidogrel added to aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:2066–2078.
  • Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1139–1151.
  • Connolly SJ, Wallentin L, Ezekowitz MD, et al. The long-term multicenter observational study of dabigatran treatment in patient with atrial fibrillation (RELY-ABLE) study. Circulation. 2013;128:237–243.
  • Roskell NS, Lip GY, Noack H, et al. Treatments for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a network meta-analysis and indirect comparison versus dabigatran etexilate. Thromb Haemost. 2010;104:1106–1115.
  • http://www.fda.goc/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm396470.htm
  • Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:8883–8891.
  • Fox KA, Piccini JP, Wojdyla D, et al. Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism with rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and moderate renal impairment. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:2387–2394.
  • Jankey GJ, Patel MR, Stevens SR, et al. Rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack: a subgroup analysis of ROCKET AF. Lancer Neurol. 2012;11:315–322.
  • Connolly SJ, Eikellboom J, Joyner C, et al. Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:806–817.
  • Granger CB, Alexander JH, Memurray JJ, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:981–992.
  • Miller CS, Grandi SM, Shimony A, et al. Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2012;1110:453–460.
  • Russo V, Bianchi V, Cavallaro C, et al. Efficacy and safety of dabigatran in a “real-life” population at high thromboembolic and hemorrhagic risk: data from MonaldiCare registry. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015;19(20):3961–617.
  • Hanon O. Novel oral anticoagulants and atrial fibrillation in the elderly. Geriatr Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil. 2013;11(1 Suppl):34–40.
  • Eikelboom JW, Connolly SJ, Brueckmann M, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with mechanical heart valves. N Eng J Med. 2013;369:1206–1214.
  • Pollack CV, Reilly P, Eikelboom J, et al. Idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:511–520.
  • http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm467300.htm
  • Siegal DM, Curnutte JT, Connolly SJ, et al. Andexanet alfa for the reversal of factor Xa inhibitor activity. N Eng J Med. 2015;373:2413–2424.
  • Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, et al. for the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 investigators. Edoxaban versus Warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2093–2104.
  • http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm429523.htm
  • Testa L, Agnifili M, Latini RA, et al. Adjusted indirect comparisons of new oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. QJM. 2012;105:949–957.
  • Miller CS, Grandi SM, Shimony A, et al. Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:453–460.
  • Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, et al. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National registry of atrial fibrillation. JAMA. 2001;285:2864–2870.
  • Olesen JB, Torp-Pedersen C, Hansen ML, et al. The value of the CHA2DS2-VASc score for refining stroke risk stratification in patients with atrial fibrillation with a CHAD2 score 01-1: a nationwide cohort study. Thromb Haemost. 2012;107:1172–1179.
  • Lip GY, Frison L, Halperin JL, et al. Identifying patients at high risk for stroke despite anticoagulation: a comparison of contemporary stroke risk stratification schemes in an anticoagulated atrial fibrillation cohort. Stroke. 2010;421:2731–2738.
  • Pisters R, Lane DA, Nieuwlaat R, et al. A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess 1-year risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: the Euro heart survey. Chest. 2010;138:1093–1100.
  • Lip GY, Frison L, Halperin JL, et al. Comparative validation of a novel risk score for predicting bleeding risk in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation: the HAS-BLED (Hypertension, abnormal renal/liver function, stroke, bleeding history or predisposition, Labile INR, elderly, drug/alcohol concomitantly) score. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:173–180.
  • Cairns JA, Connolly S, McMurtry S, et al. Canadian cardiovascular society atrial fibrillation guidelines 2010: prevention of stroke and systemic thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation and flutter. Can J Cardiol. 2011;27:74–90.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.