986
Views
26
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Focus: Cardiometabolic Conditions - Review

Hypertriglyceridemia: the importance of identifying patients at risk

&
Pages 848-858 | Received 07 Jun 2016, Accepted 27 Sep 2016, Published online: 12 Oct 2016

References

  • Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN, Amarenco P, et al. Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence and guidance for management. Eur Heart J. 2011;32:1345–1361.
  • Andersson C, Lyass A, Vasan RS, et al. Long-term risk of cardiovascular events across a spectrum of adverse major plasma lipid combinations in the Framingham Heart Study. Am Heart J. 2014;168:878–883.
  • Jacobson TA, Ito MK, Maki KC, et al. National lipid association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia: part 1–full report. J Clin Lipidol. 2015;9:129–169.
  • Miller M, Stone NJ, Ballantyne C, et al. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011;123:2292–2333.
  • National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106:3143–3421.
  • Berglund L, Brunzell JD, Goldberg AC, et al. Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:2969–2989.
  • Jellinger P, Smith D, Mehta A, et al. American association of clinical endocrinologists’ guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of atherosclerosis. Endocr Pract. 2012;18:1–78.
  • Christian JB, Bourgeois N, Snipes R, et al. Prevalence of severe (500 to 2,000 mg/dl) hypertriglyceridemia in United States adults. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107:891–897.
  • Carroll M, Kit B, Lacher D. Trends in elevated triglyceride in adults: United States, 2001–2012. NCHS Data Brief. 2015;1–8.
  • Pang J, Chan DC, Watts GF. Origin and therapy for hypertriglyceridaemia in type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes. 2014;5:165–175.
  • Fredrickson DS. An international classification of hyperlipidemias and hyperlipoproteinemias. Ann Intern Med. 1971;75:471–472.
  • Brahm A, Hegele RA. Hypertriglyceridemia. Nutrients. 2013;5:981–1001.
  • Pejic RN, Lee DT. Hypertriglyceridemia. J Am Board Fam Med. 2006;19:310–316.
  • Cohen JC, Boerwinkle E, Mosley TH Jr., et al. Sequence variations in PCSK9, low LDL, and protection against coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:1264–1272.
  • Voight BF, Peloso GM, Orho-Melander M, et al. Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: a mendelian randomisation study. Lancet. 2012;380:572–580.
  • Do R, Willer CJ, Schmidt EM, et al. Common variants associated with plasma triglycerides and risk for coronary artery disease. Nat Genet. 2013;45:1345–1352.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of abnormal lipid levels among youths — United States, 1999–2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59:29–33.
  • Fox CS, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, et al. Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: association with metabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2007;116:39–48.
  • Subramanian S, Chait A. Hypertriglyceridemia secondary to obesity and diabetes. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1821:819–825.
  • Resnick HE, Foster GL, Bardsley J, et al. Achievement of American Diabetes Association clinical practice recommendations among U.S. adults with diabetes, 1999–2002: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:531–537.
  • Yamamoto S, Kon V. Mechanisms for increased cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney dysfunction. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2009;18:181–188.
  • Weiner DE, Sarnak MJ. Managing dyslipidemia in chronic kidney disease. J Gen Intern Med. 2004;19:1045–1052.
  • Prinsen BH, dS-vdV MG, De Koning EJ, et al. Hypertriglyceridemia in patients with chronic renal failure: possible mechanisms. Kidney Int Suppl. 2003;63:S121–S124.
  • Penno G, Solini A, Zoppini G, et al. Hypertriglyceridemia is independently associated with renal, but not retinal complications in subjects with Type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional analysis of the Renal Insufficiency And Cardiovascular Events (RIACE) Italian multicenter study. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0125512.
  • Sumner AE, Finley KB, Genovese DJ, et al. Fasting triglyceride and the triglyceride-HDL cholesterol ratio are not markers of insulin resistance in African Americans. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:1395–1400.
  • Chhabra S, Narang R, Krishnan LR, et al. Apolipoprotein C3 SstI polymorphism and triglyceride levels in Asian Indians. BMC Genet. 2002;3:9.
  • Fulcher J, O’Connell R, Voysey M, et al. Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials. Lancet. 2015;385:1397–1405.
  • Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet. 2005;366:1267–1278.
  • Austin MA, Hokanson JE, Edwards KL. Hypertriglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Cardiol. 1998;81:7B–12B.
  • Nordestgaard BG, Benn M, Schnohr P, et al. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. Jama. 2007;298:299–308.
  • Varbo A, Benn M, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, et al. Remnant cholesterol as a causal risk factor for ischemic heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:427–436.
  • Miller M, Cannon CP, Murphy SA, et al. Impact of triglyceride levels beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:724–730.
  • Schwartz GG, Abt M, Bao W, et al. Fasting triglycerides predict recurrent ischemic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with statins. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:2267–2275.
  • Deedwania PC, Shepherd J, Breazna A, et al. Effect of high-dose atorvastatin on the cardiovascular risk associated with individual components of metabolic syndrome: a subanalysis of the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18:56–63.
  • Faergeman O, Holme I, Fayyad R, et al. Plasma triglycerides and cardiovascular events in the treating to new targets and incremental decrease in end-points through aggressive lipid lowering trials of statins in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:459–463.
  • Klempfner R, Erez A, Sagit BZ, et al. Elevated triglyceride level is independently associated with increased all-cause mortality in patients with established coronary heart disease: twenty-two-year follow-up of the Bezafibrate infarction prevention study and registry. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2016;9:100–108.
  • Miller M, Seidler A, Moalemi A, et al. Normal triglyceride levels and coronary artery disease events: the Baltimore Coronary Observational Long-Term Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:1252–1257.
  • Kolovou GD, Mikhailidis DP, Kovar J, et al. Assessment and clinical relevance of non-fasting and postprandial triglycerides: an expert panel statement. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2011;9:258–270.
  • Talayero BG, Sacks FM. The role of triglycerides in atherosclerosis. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2011;13:544–552.
  • Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, et al. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:1400–1415.
  • Kota SK, Kota SK, Jammula S, et al. Hypertriglyceridemia-induced recurrent acute pancreatitis: a case-based review. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2012;16:141–143.
  • Kimura W, Mossner J. Role of hypertriglyceridemia in the pathogenesis of experimental acute pancreatitis in rats. Int J Pancreatol. 1996;20:177–184.
  • Abd El-Kader SM, El-Den Ashmawy EM. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the diagnosis and management. World J Hepatol. 2015;7:846–858.
  • Tolman KG, Dalpiaz AS. Treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2007;3:1153–1163.
  • Martin SS, Blaha MJ, Elshazly MB, et al. Friedewald-estimated versus directly measured low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and treatment implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:732–739.
  • Elshazly MB, Martin SS, Blaha MJ, et al. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, guideline targets, and population percentiles for secondary prevention in 1.3 million adults: the VLDL-2 study (very large database of lipids). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:1960–1965.
  • Johnson RK, Appel LJ, Brands M, et al. Dietary sugars intake and cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2009;120:1011–1020.
  • Mensink RP, Zock PL, Kester AD, et al. Effects of dietary fatty acids and carbohydrates on the ratio of serum total to HDL cholesterol and on serum lipids and apolipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 60 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:1146–1155.
  • Ludwig DS. The glycemic index: physiological mechanisms relating to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Jama. 2002;287:2414–2423.
  • Dekker MJ, Graham TE, Ooi TC, et al. Exercise prior to fat ingestion lowers fasting and postprandial VLDL and decreases adipose tissue IL-6 and GIP receptor mRNA in hypertriacylglycerolemic men. J Nutr Biochem. 2010;21:983–990.
  • Tambalis K, Panagiotakos DB, Kavouras SA, et al. Responses of blood lipids to aerobic, resistance, and combined aerobic with resistance exercise training: a systematic review of current evidence. Angiology. 2009;60:614–632.
  • Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:2889–2934.
  • Nicholls SJ, Brandrup-Wognsen G, Palmer M, et al. Meta-analysis of comparative efficacy of increasing dose of Atorvastatin versus Rosuvastatin versus Simvastatin on lowering levels of atherogenic lipids (from VOYAGER). Am J Cardiol. 2010;105:69–76.
  • Food and Drug Administration. Withdrawal of Approval of Indications Related to the Coadministration With Statins in Applications for Niacin Extended-Release Tablets and Fenofibric Acid Delayed-Release Capsules. Available from: https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2016/04/18/2016-08887/abbvie-inc-et-al-withdrawal-of-approval-of-indications-related-to-the-coadministration-with-statins#h-11
  • Staels B, Dallongeville J, Auwerx J, et al. Mechanism of action of fibrates on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. Circulation. 1998;98:2088–2093.
  • Kamanna VS, Kashyap ML. Mechanism of action of niacin. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101:20B–6B.
  • Koski RR. Omega-3-acid ethyl esters (Lovaza) for severe hypertriglyceridemia. Pharm Ther. 2008;33:271–303.
  • Maron DJ, Fazio S, Linton MF. Current perspectives on statins. Circulation. 2000;101:207–213.
  • AstraZeneca. Epanova prescribing information; [cited 2014 Mar]. Available from: http://www1.astrazeneca-us.com/pi/epanova.pdf
  • Amarin Corporation. Vascepa prescibing information; [cited 2014 Nov]. Available from: www.vascepa.com/full-prescribing-information.pdf
  • GlaxoSmithKline. Lovaza prescribing information; [ cited 2014 Mar]. Available from: https://www.gsksource.com/gskprm/htdocs/documents/LOVAZA-PI-PIL.PDF
  • Trygg Pharma. Omtryg prescribing information; [cited 2014 Apr]. Available from: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2014/204977s000lbl.pdf
  • Frick MH, Elo O, Haapa K, et al. Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 1987;317:1237–1245.
  • Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D, et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:410–418.
  • Manninen V, Tenkanen L, Koskinen P, et al. Joint effects of serum triglyceride and LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol concentrations on coronary heart disease risk in the Helsinki Heart Study. Implications for treatment. Circulation. 1992;85:37–45.
  • Robins SJ, Collins D, Wittes JT, et al. Relation of gemfibrozil treatment and lipid levels with major coronary events: VA-HIT: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 2001;285:1585–1591.
  • Keech A, Simes RJ, Barter P, et al. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;366:1849–1861.
  • Ginsberg HN, Elam MB, Lovato LC, et al.; ACCORD Study Group. Effects of combination lipid therapy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1563–1574.
  • Boden WE, Probstfield JL, Anderson T, et al. Niacin in patients with low HDL cholesterol levels receiving intensive statin therapy. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:2255–2267.
  • Landray MJ, Haynes R, Hopewell JC, et al. Effects of extended-release niacin with laropiprant in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:203–212.
  • Yokoyama M, Origasa H, Matsuzaki M, et al. Effects of eicosapentaenoic acid on major coronary events in hypercholesterolaemic patients (JELIS): a randomised open-label, blinded endpoint analysis. Lancet. 2007;369:1090–1098.
  • Wanner C, Tonelli M. KDIGO Clinical Practice Guideline for Lipid Management in CKD: summary of recommendation statements and clinical approach to the patient. Kidney Int. 2014;85:1303–1309.
  • Clinicaltrials.gov. A study of AMR101 to evaluate its ability to reduce cardiovascular events in high risk patients with hypertriglyceridemia and on statin. The Primary Objective is to Evaluate the Effect of 4 g/Day AMR101 for Preventing the Occurrence of a First Major Cardiovascular Event. (REDUCE-IT); 2015. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01492361
  • Clinicaltrials.gov. Outcomes Study to Assess STatin Residual Risk Reduction With EpaNova in HiGh CV Risk PatienTs With Hypertriglyceridemia (STRENGTH); 2015. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02104817
  • Akram ON, Bernier A, Petrides F, et al. Beyond LDL cholesterol, a new role for PCSK9. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30:1279–1281.
  • Gryn SE, Hegele RA. Novel therapeutics in hypertriglyceridemia. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2015;26:484–491.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.