An update on the management of urinary tract infections in the era of antimicrobial resistance

References

• Tandogdu Z, Wagenlehner FME. Global epidemiology of urinary tract infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2016;29(1):73–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foxman B. Urinary tract infection syndromes: occurrence, recurrence, bacteriology, risk factors, and disease burden. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2014;28:1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schappert SM, Rechtsteiner EA. Ambulatory medical care utilization estimates for 2007. Vital Health Stat. 2011;13:1–38.
   Google Scholar
• Foxman B. The epidemiology of urinary tract infection. Nat Rev Urol. 2010;7:653–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magill SS, Edwards JR, Bamberg W, et al. Multistate point-prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1198–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta K, Hooton TM, Naber KG, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America; European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of acute uncomplicated cystitis and pyelonephritis in women: a 2010 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(5):e103–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linhares I, Raposo T, Rodrigues A, et al. Frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of bacteria implicated in community urinary tract infections: a ten-year surveillance study (2000-2009). BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch EB, Zucchi PC, Chen A, et al. Susceptibility of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative urine isolates to oral antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(5):3138–3140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ironmonger D, Edeghere O, Gossain S, et al. Use of antimicrobial resistance information and prescribing guidance for management of urinary tract infections: survey of general practitioners in the West Midlands. BMC Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooton TM, Bradley SF, Cardenas DD, et al. Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 International Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(5):625–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron EJ, Miller JM, Weinstein MP, et al. A guide to utilization of the microbiology laboratory for diagnosis of infectious diseases: 2013 recommendations by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society for Microbiology (ASM)(a). Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(4):e22–e121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bent S, Nallamothu BK, Simel DL, et al. Does this woman have an acute uncomplicated urinary tract infection? JAMA. 2002;287(20):2701–2710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devillé WL, Yzermans JC, Van Duijn NP, et al. The urine dipstick test useful to rule out infections. A Meta-Analysis of the Accuracy. BMC Urol. 2004;4:4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ducharme J, Neilson S, Ginn JL. Can urine cultures and reagent test strips be used to diagnose urinary tract infection in elderly emergency department patients without focal urinary symptoms? Cjem. 2007;9(2):87–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yin P, Kiss A, Leis JA. Urinalysis orders among patients admitted to the general medicine service. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(10):1711–1713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daley P, Penney C, Wakeham S, et al. Urinary tract infection diagnosis and response to therapy in long-term care: a prospective observational study. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2015;26(3):133–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomas ME, Getman D, Donskey CJ, et al. Overdiagnosis of urinary tract infection and underdiagnosis of sexually transmitted infection in adult women presenting to an emergency department. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53:2686–2692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen TE, Botto H, Cek M, et al. Critical review of current definitions of urinary tract infections and proposal of an EAU/ESIU classification system. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011;38(Suppl.):64–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Little P, Moore MV, Turner S, et al. Effectiveness of five different approaches in management of urinary tract infection: randomised controlled trial. Bmj. 2010;340:c199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson J, Kaul S, Khashab M, et al. Identification and pretherapy susceptibility of pathogens in patients with complicated urinary tract infection or acute pyelonephritis enrolled in a clinical study in the United States from November 2004 through April 2006. Clin Ther. 2007;29(10):2215–2221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariappan P, Smith G, Moussa SA, et al. One week of ciprofloxacin before percutaneous nephrolithotomy significantly reduces upper tract infection and urosepsis: a prospective controlled study. BJU Int. 2006;98:1075–1079.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Lee YM, Cho JH. Risk factors of septic shock in bacteremic acute pyelonephritis patients admitted to an ER. J Infect Chemother. 2012;18:130–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laupland KB, Bagshaw SM, Gregson DB, et al. Intensive care unit acquired urinary tract infections in a regional critical care system. Crit Care. 2005;9:R60–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marschall J, Zhang L, Foxman B, et al. Both host and pathogen factors predispose to Escherichia coli urinary source bacteremia in hospitalized patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1692–1698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;18:268–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SS, Kim Y, Chung DR. Impact of discordant empirical therapy on outcome of community-acquired bacteremic acute pyelonephritis. J Infect. 2011;62:159–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang YS, Ku CH, Lin JC, et al. Impact of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae on the outcome of community-onset bacteremic urinary tract infections. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2010;43:194–199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spoorenberg V, Hulscher ME, Akkermans RP, et al. Appropriate antibiotic use for patients with urinary tract infections reduces length of hospital stay. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;58:164–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez GV, Babiker A, Master RN, et al. Antibiotic resistance among urinary isolates from female outpatients in the United States in 2003 and 2012. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60:2680–2683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cek M, Tandogdu Z, Wagenlehner F, et al. Healthcare-associated urinary tract infections in hospitalized urological patients-a global perspective: results from the GPIU studies 2003–2010. World J Urol. 2014;32:1587–1594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez GV, Baird AM, Karlowsky JA, et al. Nitrofurantoin retains antimicrobial activity against multidrug-resistant urinary Escherichia coli from US outpatients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:3259–3262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacoby GA. AmpC beta-lactamases. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2009;22:161–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CH, Lee YT, Kung CH, et al. Risk factors of community-onset urinary tract infections caused by plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2015;48(3):269–275.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Denisuik AJ, Lagacé-Wiens PR, Pitout JD, et al. Molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum b-lactamase-, AmpC b-lactamase- and carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from Canadian hospitals over a 5 year period: CANWARD 2007–11. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(Suppl 1):i57–i65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlowsky JA, Denisuik AJ, Lagacé-Wiens PR, et al. In vitro activity of fosfomycin against Escherichia coli isolated from patients with urinary tract infections in Canada as part of the CANWARD surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(2):1252–1256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoban DJ, Lascols C, Nicolle LE, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae, including molecular characterization of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing species, in urinary tract isolates from hospitalized patients in North America and Europe: results from the SMART study 2009–2010. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2012;74:62–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorlozano A, Jimenez-Pacheco A, de Dios Luna Del Castillo J, et al. Evolution of the resistance to antibiotics of bacteria involved in urinary tract infections: a 7-year surveillance study. Am J Infect Control. 2014;42(10):1033–1038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier S, Weber R, Zbinden R, et al. Extended-spectrum beta- lactamase-producing Gram-negative pathogens in community-acquired urinary tract infections: an increasing challenge for antimicrobial therapy. Infection. 2011;39:333–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castanheira M, Mendes RE, Jones RN, et al. Changing of the frequencies of β-Lactamase genes among Enterobacteriaceae in US hospitals (2012-2014): activity of ceftazidime-avibactam tested against β-lactamase-producing isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(8):4770–4777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thaden JT, Fowler VG, Sexton DJ, et al. Increasing incidence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in community hospitals throughout the Southeastern United States. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2016;37(1):49–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee JH, Bae IK, Lee SH. New definitions of extended-spectrum β-lactamase conferring worldwide emerging antibiotic resistance. Med Res Rev. 2012;32:216–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson JR, Urban C, Weissman SJ, et al. Molecular epidemiological analysis of Escherichia coli sequence type ST131 (O25:H4)and blaCTX-M-15 among extended-spectrum-b-lactamase-producing E. coli from the United States, 2000 to 2009. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:2364–2370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peirano G, Richardson D, Nigrin J, et al. High prevalence of ST131 isolates producing CTX- M-15 and CTX-M-14 among extended spectrum- β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates from Canada. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54:1327–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briongos-Figuero LS, Gómez-Traveso T, Bachiller-Luque P, et al. Epidemiology, risk factors and comorbidity for urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing enterobacteria. Int J Clin Pract. 2012;66(9):891–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fournier D, Chirouze C, Leroy J, et al. Alternatives to carbapenems in ESBL-producing Escherichia coli infections. Med Mal Infect. 2013;43(2):62–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asbakan MI, Pullukcu H, Sipahi OR, et al. Nitrofurantion in the treatment of extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli-related lower urinary tract infection. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2012;40:554–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titelman E, Iversen A, Kalin M, et al. Efficacy of pivmecillinam for treatment of lower urinary tract infection caused by extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microb Drug Resist. 2011;18:189–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auer S, Wojna A, Hell M. Oral treatment options for ambulatory patients with urinary tract infections caused by extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(9):4006–4008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Vouloumanou EK, Togias AG, et al. Fosfomycin versus other antibiotics for the treatment of cystitis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65(9):1862–1877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livermore DM, Warner M, Mushtaq S, et al. What remains against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae? Evaluation of chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, colistin, fosfomycin, minocycline, nitrofurantoin, temocillin and tigecycline. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011;37:415–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalopoulos A, Virtzili S, Rafailidis P, et al. Intravenous fosfomycin for the treatment of nosocomial infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in critically ill patients: a prospective evaluation. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16:184–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilmis B, Delory T, Groh M, et al. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-PE) infections: are carbapenem alternatives achievable in daily practice? Int J Infect Dis. 2015;39:62–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob JT, Klein E, Laxminarayan R, et al. Vital signs: carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62:165–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantón R, Akóva M, Carmeli Y, et al. Rapid evolution and spread of carbapenemases among Enterobacteriaceae in Europe. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(5):413–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guh AY, Bulens SN, Mu Y, et al. Epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in 7 US communities, 2012-2013. JAMA. 2015;314(14):1479–1487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castanheira M, Mendes RE, Woosley LN, et al. Trends in carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. from Europe and the Americas: report from the SENTRY antimicrobial surveillance programme (2007–09). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:1409–1411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin M, Advincula MR, Malczynski M, et al. Correlations of antibiotic use and carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57:5131–5133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang H-J, Hsu P-C, Yang -C-C, et al. Risk factors and outcomes of carbapenem-nonsusceptible Escherichia coli bacteremia: a matched case-control study. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2011;44:125–130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shilo S, Assous MV, Lachish T, et al. Risk factors for bacteriuria with carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae and its impact on mortality: a case-control study. Infection. 2013;41(2):503–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauck C, Cober E, Richter SS, et al. Spectrum of excess mortality due to carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(6):513–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esterly JS, Wagner J, McLaughlin MM, et al. Evaluation of clinical outcomes in patients with bloodstream infections due to Gram-negative bacteria according to carbapenem MIC stratification. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:4885–4890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tambyah PA, Hara GL, Daikos GL, et al. Treatment of extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative infections in critically ill patients: outcome of a consensus meeting at the 13th Asia-Pacific Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infection, October 2012. J Global Antimicrob Res. 2013;1:117–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sader HS, Castanheira M, Flamm RK, et al. Antimicrobial activity of ceftazidime-avibactam and comparator agents tested against Gram-negative organisms isolated from urinary tract infections in United States medical centers (2012-2014). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60:4355–4360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghazi IM, Crandon JL, Lesho EP, et al. Efficacy of humanized high-dose meropenem, cefepime, and levofloxacin against Enterobacteriaceae isolates producing Verona integron-encoded metallo-β-lactamase (VIM) in a murine thigh infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:7145–7147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Lourida P, Poulikakos P, et al. Antibiotic treatment of infections due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: systematic evaluation of the available evidence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(2):654–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cprek JB, Gallagher JC. Ertapenem-containing double-carbapenem therapy for treatment of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60:669–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sievert DM, Ricks P, Edwards JR, et al. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009–2010. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2013;34:1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouchillon SK, Badal RE, Hoban DJ, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of inpatient urinary tract isolates of Gram-negative bacilli in the United States: results from the Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART) program: 2009-2011. Clinical Therapeutics. 2013;35(6):872–877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deanna J. Buehrle, Ryan K. Shields, et al. Evaluation of the in vitro activity of ceftazidime-avibactam and ceftolozane-tazobactam against meropenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2016;60:3227–3231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu M, Robinson K, Siegel C, et al. Complicated genitourinary tract infections and mimics. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2016 Feb;11. [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Karlowsky JA, Lagacé-Wiens PR, Simner PJ, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in urinary tract pathogens in Canada from 2007 to 2009: CANWARD surveillance study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(7):3169–3175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linsenmeyer K, Strymish J, Gupta K. Two simple rules for improving the accuracy of empiric treatment of multidrug-resistant urinary tract infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:7593–7596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koningstein M, van der Bij AK, De Kraker ME, et al. Recommendations for the empirical treatment of complicated urinary tract infections using surveillance data on antimicrobial resistance in The Netherlands. PLoS One. 2014;9:e86634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlam TF, Cosgrove SE, Abbo LM, et al. Implementing an antibiotic stewardship program: guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(10):e51–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knottnerus BJ, Geerlings SE, Moll Van Charante EP, et al. Women with symptoms of uncomplicated urinary tract infection are often willing to delay antibiotic treatment. BMC Fam Pract. 2013;14:71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christiaens TC, De Meyere M, Verschraegen G, et al. Randomised controlled trial of nitrofurantoin versus placebo in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in adult women. Br J Gen Pract. 2002;52(482):729–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferry SA, Holm SE, Stenlund H, et al. Clinical and bacteriological outcome of different doses and duration of pivmecillinam compared with placebo therapy of uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection in women: the LUTIW project. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2007;25(1):49–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huttner A, Verhaegh EM, Harbarth S, et al. Nitrofurantoin revisited: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(9):2456–2464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu H-Y, Lin H-C, Lin Y-C, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of urinary extended-spectrum beta-lactamase- producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to fosfomycin and nitrofurantoin in a teaching hospital in Taiwan. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2011;44:364–368.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Geerts AF, Eppenga WL, Heerdink R, et al. Ineffectiveness and adverse events of nitrofurantoin in women with urinary tract infection and renal impairment in primary care. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;69:1701–1707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oplinger M, Andrews CO. Nitrofurantoin contraindication in patients with a creatinine clearance below 60mL/min: looking for the evidence. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47:106–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh N, Gandhi S, McArthur E, et al. Kidney function and the use of nitrofurantoin to treat urinary tract infections in older women. Cmaj. 2015;187(9):648–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falagas ME, Vouloumanou EK, Samonis G, et al. Fosfomycin. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29(2):321–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardakas KZ, Legakis NJ, Triarides N, et al. Susceptibility of contemporary isolates to fosfomycin: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;47(4):269–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sastry S, Clarke LG, Alrowais H, et al. Clinical appraisal of fosfomycin in the era of antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(12):7355–7361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senol S, Tasbakan M, Pullukcu H, et al. Carbapenem versus fosfomycin tromethanol in the treatment of extended- spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli-related complicated lower urinary tract infection. J Chemother. 2010;22:355–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veve MP, Wagner JL, Kenney RM, et al. Comparison of fosfomycin to ertapenem for outpatient or step-down therapy of extended-spectrum β-lactamase urinary tract infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2016;48(1):56–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linsenmeyer K, Strymish J, Weir S, et al. Activity of fosfomycin against extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing uropathogens in patients in the community and hospitalized patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;60(2):1134–1136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oteo J, Bautista V, Lara N, et al. Parallel increase in community use of fosfomycin and resistance to fosfomycin in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65(11):2459–2463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antoniou T, Hollands S, Macdonald EM, et al. Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole and risk of sudden death among patients taking spironolactone. CMAJ. 2015;187:E138–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fralick M, Macdonald EM, Gomes T, et al. Co-trimoxazole and sudden death in patients receiving inhibitors of renin-angiotensin system: population based study. Bmj. 2014;349:6196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidell MR, Palchak M, Mohr J, et al. Fluoroquinolone and third- generation-cephalosporin resistance among hospitalized patients with urinary tract infections due to Escherichia coli: do rates vary by hospital characteristics and geographic region? Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60:3170–3173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fasugba O, Gardner A, Mitchell BG, et al. Ciprofloxacin resistance in community- and hospital-acquired Escherichia coli urinary tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Infect Dis. 2015 Nov 25;15:545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Der Starre WE, Van Nieuwkoop C, Paltansing S, et al. Risk factors for fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in adults with community-onset febrile urinary tract infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(3):650–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rattanaumpawan P, Tolomeo P, Bilker WB, et al. Risk factors for fluoroquinolone resistance in Gram-negative bacilli causing healthcare-acquired urinary tract infections. J Hosp Infect. 2010;76:324–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooney PJ, O’Leary MC, Loughrey AC, et al. Nursing homes as a reservoir of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;64:635–641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien KA, Zhang J, Mauldin PD, et al. Impact of a stewardship-initiated restriction on empirical use of ciprofloxacin on nonsusceptibility of Escherichia coli urinary isolates to ciprofloxacin. Pharmacotherapy. 2015;35(5):464–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamma PD, Girdwood SC, Gopaul R, et al. The use of cefepime for treating AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:781–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchette LM, Kuti JL, Nicolau DP, et al. Clinical comparison of ertapenem and cefepime for treatment of infections caused by AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Scand J Infect Dis. 2014;46(11):803–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee NY, Lee CC, Li CW, et al. Cefepime therapy for monomicrobial Enterobacter cloacae bacteremia: unfavorable outcomes in patients infected by cefepime-susceptible dose-dependent isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:7558–7563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee NY, Lee CC, Huang WH, et al. Cefepime therapy for monomicrobial bacteremia caused by cefepime-susceptible extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: MIC matters. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:488–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chopra T, Marchaim D, Veltman J, et al. Impact of cefepime therapy on mortality among patients with bloodstream infections caused by extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56:3936–3942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhanel GG, Lawson CD, Adam H, et al. Ceftazidime-avibactam: a novel cephalosporin/β-lactamase inhibitor combination. Drugs. 2013;73:159–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jonge BL, Karlowsky JA, Kazmierczak KM, et al. In vitro susceptibility to ceftazidime-avibactam of carbapenem-nonsusceptible Enterobacteriaceae isolates collected during the INFORM Global Surveillance Study (2012 to 2014). Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(5):3163–3169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sader HS, Castanheira M, Mendes RE, et al. Ceftazidime-avibactam activity against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated in U.S. medical centers in 2012 and 2013. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(6):3656–3659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vazquez JA, González Patzán LD, Stricklin D, et al. Efficacy and safety of ceftazidime-avibactam versus imipenem-cilastatin in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections, including acute pyelonephritis, in hospitalized adults: results of a prospective, investigator-blinded, randomized study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2012;28:1921–1931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes RE, Castanheira M, Gasink L, et al. β-Lactamase characterization of Gram-negative pathogens recovered from patients enrolled in the phase 2 trials for ceftazidime-avibactam: clinical efficacies analyzed against subsets of molecularly characterized isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;60(3):1328–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmeli Y, Armstrong J, Laud PJ, et al. Ceftazidime-avibactam or best available therapy in patients with ceftazidime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa complicated urinary tract infections or complicated intra-abdominal infections (REPRISE): a randomised, pathogen-directed, phase 3 study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:661–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ceftolozane/tazobactam (Zerbaxa) – a new intravenous antibiotic. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2015;57:31–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagenlehner FM, Umeh O, Steenbergen J, et al. Ceftolozane-tazobactam compared with levofloxacin in the treatment of complicated urinary-tract infections, including pyelonephritis: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial (ASPECT-cUTI). Lancet. 2015;385(9981):1949–1956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntington JA, Sakoulas G, Umeh O, et al. Efficacy of ceftolozane/tazobactam versus levofloxacin in the treatment of complicated urinary tract infections (cUTIs) caused by levofloxacin-resistant pathogens: results from the ASPECT-cUTI trial. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016);71(7):2014–2021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters, version 6. [cited 2016 Jun 2]. Available from: www.eucast.org.
   Google Scholar
• Hooton TM, Scholes D, Gupta K, et al. Amoxicillin-clavulanate vs ciprofloxacin for the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis in women: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2005;293(8):949–955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardakas KZ, Tansarli GS, Rafailidis PI, et al. Carbapenems versus alternative antibiotics for the treatment of bacteraemia due to Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum b-lactamases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:2793–2803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Bano J, Navarro MD, Retamar P, et al. b-Lactam/b-lactam inhibitor combinations for the treatment of bacteremia due to extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: a post hoc analysis of prospective cohorts. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:167–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamma PD, Han JH, Rock C, et al. Carbapenem therapy is associated with improved survival compared with piperacillin-tazobactam for patients with extended-spectrum β-lactamase bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(9):1319–1325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang CI, Park SY, Chung DR, et al. Piperacillin-tazobactam as an initial empirical therapy of bacteremia caused by extended-spectrum b-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Infect. 2012;64:533–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliziotis IA, Samonis G, Vardakas KZ, et al. Clinical outcomes with extended or continuous versus short-term intravenous infusion of carbapenems and piperacillin/tazobactam: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jul 15;41(2):149–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Bano J, Mingorance J, Fernandez- Romero N, et al. Virulence profiles of bacteremic extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli: association with epidemiological and clinical features. PloS One. 2012;7:e44238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trad MA, Zhong LH, Llorin RM, et al. Ertapenem in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy for complicated urinary tract infections. J Chemother. 2016 May 30;1–5. [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow BJ, Pillar CM, Deane J, et al. Activities of carbapenem and comparator agents against contemporary US Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from the CAPITAL surveillance program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;75(4):412–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flamm RK, Farrell DJ, Sader HS, et al. Ceftazidime/avibactam activity tested against Gram-negative bacteria isolated from bloodstream, pneumonia, intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections in US medical centres (2012). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:1589–1598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asakura T, Ikeda M, Nakamura A, et al. Efficacy of empirical therapy with non-carbapenems for urinary tract infections with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;29:91–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumura Y, Yamamoto M, Nagao M, et al. Cefmetazole and flomoxef for the treatment of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli bacteremia: a multicenter retrospective study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(9):5107–5113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal L, Gafter-Gvili A, Borok S, et al. Efficacy and safety of aminoglycoside monotherapy: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2007;60(2):247–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ipekci T, Seyman D, Berk H, et al. Clinical and bacteriological efficacy of amikacin in the treatment of lower urinary tract infection caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumonia. J Infect Chemother. 2014;20:762–767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paño-Pardo JR, Ruiz-Carrascoso G, Navarro-San Francisco C, et al. Infections caused by OXA-48-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a tertiary hospital in Spain in the setting of a prolonged, hospital-wide outbreak. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(1):89–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobussen M, De Kort JM, Dennert RM, et al. No increased risk of acute kidney injury after a single dose of gentamicin in patients with sepsis. Infect Dis (Lond). 2015;15:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Nation RL, Li J, Cars O, et al. Framework for optimisation of the clinical use of colistin and polymyxin B: the Prato polymyxin consensus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(2):225–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giua R, Pedone C, Cortese L, et al. Colistin bladder instillation, an alternative way of treating multi-resistant Acinetobacter urinary tract infection: a case series and review of literature. Infection. 2014;42(1):199–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi ZA, Hittle LE, O’Hara JA, et al. Colistin-resistant acinetobacter baumannii: beyond carbapenem resistance. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(9):1295–1303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YY, Wang Y, Walsh TR, et al. Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(2):161–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pankey GA. Tigecycline. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;56:470–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Duin D, Cober ED, Richter SS, et al. Tigecycline therapy for carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) bacteriuria leads to tigecycline resistance. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20(12):O1117–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brust K, Evans A, Plammons R. Tigecycline in treatment of multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacillus urinary tract infections: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:2606–2610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad P, Sun J, Danner RL, et al. Excess deaths associated with tigecycline after approval based on noninferiority trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1699–1709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly L, Serio A, Riddle V, et al. Baseline pathogens and patient outcomes in a phase 2 study comparing plazomicin (ACHN-490) to levofloxacin in complicated urinary tract infection (cUTI) including acute pyelonephritis (AP) presentation O200. 25th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ECCMID); 25-28 April 2015; Copehhagen.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman TH, Murphy TM, Slee AM, et al. Eravacycline (TP-434) is efficacious in animal models of infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(5):2567–2571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livermore DM, Mushtaq S. Activity of biapenem (RPX2003) combined with the boronate β-lactamase inhibitor RPX7009 against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013;68(8):1825–1831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shlaes DM. New β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations in clinical development. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1277:105–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar