References
- United States Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for disease control and prevention long-term trends in diabetes, 2016. Atlanta (GA); 2016.
- United States Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for disease control and prevention national diabetes statistics report: estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States. Atlanta (GA); 2014.
- Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Fernhall B, et al. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement executive summary. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(12):2692–2696.
- Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. Prevalence of obesity in the United States. Jama. 2014;312(2):189–190.
- United States Department of Health and Human Services. Centers for disease control and prevention state indicator report on physical activity. Atlanta (GA); 2014.
- Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2007;116(9):1081–1093.
- Narayan KM, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, et al. Effect of BMI on lifetime risk for diabetes in the U.S. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(6):1562–1566.
- Klein S, Allison DB, Heymsfield SB, et al. Waist circumference and cardiometabolic risk: a consensus statement from shaping America’s health: Association for Weight Management and Obesity Prevention; NAASO, the Obesity Society; the American Society for Nutrition; and the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(6):1647–1652.
- Staiano AE, Reeder BA, Elliott S, et al. Physical activity level, waist circumference, and mortality. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2012;37(5):1008–1013.
- Dubbert PM, Robinson JC, Sung JH, et al. Physical activity and obesity in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study. Ethn Dis. 2010;20(4):383–389.
- American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(Suppl 1):S15–35.
- Marshall MC Jr. Diabetes in African Americans. Postgrad Med J. 2005;81(962):734–740.
- Loprinzi PD, Addoh O. Physical activity-related obesity risk classification model and all-cause mortality. J Phys Act Health. 2016;13(11):1255–1262.
- Mouser JG, Loprinzi PD, Loenneke JP. The association between physiologic testosterone levels, lean mass, and fat mass in a nationally representative sample of men in the United States. Steroids. 2016;115:62–66.
- Gebreab SY, Hickson DA, Sims M, et al. Neighborhood social and physical environments and type 2 diabetes mellitus in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study. Health Place. 2017;43:128–137.
- Kalyani RR, Golden SH, Cefalu WT. Diabetes and aging: unique considerations and goals of care. Diabetes Care. 2017;40(4):440–443.
- Auerbach BJ, Katz R, Tucker K, et al. Factors associated with maintenance of body mass index in the Jackson Heart Study: a prospective cohort study secondary analysis. Prev Med. 2017;100:95–100.
- Fuqua SR, Wyatt SB, Andrew ME, et al. Recruiting African-American research participation in the Jackson Heart Study: methods, response rates, and sample description. Ethn Dis. 2005;15(4 Suppl 6):S6–18–29.
- Taylor HA Jr., Wilson JG, Jones DW, et al. Toward resolution of cardiovascular health disparities in African Americans: design and methods of the Jackson Heart Study. Ethn Dis. 2005;15(4 Suppl 6):S6–4–17.
- National Institutes of Health. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults–the evidence report. Obes Res. 1998;6(Suppl 2):51S–209S.
- Ardern CI, Janssen I, Ross R, et al. Development of health-related waist circumference thresholds within BMI categories. Obes Res. 2004;12(7):1094–1103.
- Smitherman TA, Dubbert PM, Grothe KB, et al. Validation of the Jackson Heart Study physical activity survey in African Americans. J Phys Act Health. 2009;6(Suppl 1):S124–132.
- Dubbert PM, Carithers T, Ainsworth BE, et al. Physical activity assessment methods in the Jackson Heart Study. Ethn Dis. 2005;15(4Suppl 6):S6–56–61.
- Effoe VS, Correa A, Chen H, et al. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein is associated with incident Type 2 diabetes among African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 2015;38(9):1694–1700.
- Joseph JJ, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Golden SH, et al. Physical activity, sedentary behaviors and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2016;4(1):e000185.
- Ortega FB, Sui X, Lavie CJ, et al. Body mass index, the most widely used but also widely criticized index: would a criterion standard measure of total body fat be a better predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality? Mayo Clin Proc. 2016;91(4):443–455.
- Helmrich SP, Ragland DR, Leung RW, et al. Physical activity and reduced occurrence of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(3):147–152.
- LaMonte MJ, Blair SN, Church TS. Physical activity and diabetes prevention. J Appl Physiol. (1985). 2005;99(3):1205–1213.
- Van Pelt RE, Evans EM, Schechtman KB, et al. Waist circumference vs body mass index for prediction of disease risk in postmenopausal women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(8):1183–1188.
- Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R. Waist circumference and not body mass index explains obesity-related health risk. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(3):379–384.
- Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. Cmaj. 2006;174(6):801–809.
- Tooze JA, Troiano RP, Carroll RJ, et al. A measurement error model for physical activity level as measured by a questionnaire with application to the 1999-2006 NHANES questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(11):1199–1208.