830
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Focus: Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders - Review

Identification and treatment of augmentation in patients with restless legs syndrome: practical recommendations

&
Pages 667-675 | Received 16 May 2017, Accepted 25 Jul 2017, Published online: 18 Aug 2017

References

  • Ohayon MM, O’Hara R, Vitiello MV. Epidemiology of restless legs syndrome: a synthesis of the literature. Sleep Med Rev. 2012;16:283–295.
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Restless legs syndrome fact sheet (NIH Publication No. 10-4847). Bethesda, MD: NINDS/NIH; 2010. Available from: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/restless_legs/detail_restless_legs.htm
  • Hornyak M, Sohr M, Busse M. Evaluation of painful sensory symptoms in restless legs the general adult population in two Scandinavian countries. Sleep Med. 2011;12:186–189.
  • Hening W, Walters AS, Allen RP, et al. Impact, diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in a primary care population: the REST (RLS epidemiology, symptoms, and treatment) primary care study. Sleep Med. 2004;5:237–246.
  • Sevim S, Dogu O, Kaleagasi H, et al. Correlation of anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with restless legs syndrome: a population based survey. J Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75:226–230.
  • Abetz L, Allen R, Follet A, et al. Evaluating the quality of life of patients with restless legs syndrome. Clin Ther. 2004;26:925–935.
  • Batool-Anwar S, Li Y, De Vito K, et al. Lifestyle factors and risk of restless legs syndrome: prospective cohort study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12:187–194.
  • Koo BB, Bagai K, Walters AS. Restless legs syndrome: current concepts about disease pathophysiology. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (NY). 2016;2:401.
  • Yang Q, Li L, Chen Q, et al. Association studies of variants in MEIS1, BTBD9, and MAP2K5/SKOR1 with restless legs syndrome in a US population. Sleep Med. 2011;12:800–804.
  • Moore H 4th, Winkelmann J, Lin L, et al. Periodic leg movements during sleep are associated with polymorphisms in BTBD9, TOX3/BC034767, MEIS1, MAP2K5/SKOR1, and PTPRD. Sleep. 2014;37:1535–1542.
  • Kryger MH, Otake K, Foerster J. Low body stores of iron and restless legs syndrome: a correctable cause of insomnia in adolescents and teenagers. Sleep Med. 2002;3:127–132.
  • Li X, Allen RP, Earley CJ, et al. Brain iron deficiency in idiopathic restless legs syndrome measured by quantitative magnetic susceptibility at 7 tesla. Sleep Med. 2016;22:75–82.
  • Connor JR, Wang X, Allen RP. Altered dopaminergic profile in the putamen and substantia nigra in restless legs syndrome. Brain. 132:2403–2412.
  • Allen RP, Earley CJ. Augmentation of the restless legs syndrome with carbidopa/levodopa. Sleep. 1996;19:205–213.
  • Garcia-Borreguero D, Silber MH, Winkelman JW, et al. Guidelines for the first-line treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis–Ekbom disease, prevention and treatment of dopaminergic augmentation: a combined task force of the IRLSSG, EURLSSG, and the RLS-foundation. Sleep Med. 2016;21:1–11.
  • Silver N, Allen RP, Senerth J, et al. A 10-year, longitudinal assessment of dopamine agonists and methadone in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2011;12:440–444.
  • Lipford MC, Silber MH. Long-term use of pramipexole in the management of restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2012;13:1280–1285.
  • García‐Borreguero D, Högl B, Ferini‐Strambi L, et al. Systematic evaluation of augmentation during treatment with ropinirole in restless legs syndrome (Willis‐Ekbom Disease): results from a prospective, multicenter study over 66 weeks. Mov Disord. 2012;27:277–283.
  • Bogan RK, Evidente VGH, Geyer J, et al. Health care providers’ views and practices related to augmentation in restless legs syndrome: results from an electronic survey. Poster session presented at: SLEEP; 2016 Jun 11–15; Boston, Massachusetts.
  • Kurlan R, Richard IH, Deeley C. Medication tolerance and augmentation in restless legs syndrome: the need for drug class rotation. Journal Gen Intern Med. 2006;21:C1–C4.
  • Garcia-Borreguero D, Williams AM. Dopaminergic augmentation of restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med Rev. 2010;14:339–346.
  • Benes H, Garcia-Borreguero D, Ferini-Strambi L, et al. Augmentation in the treatment of restless legs syndrome with transdermal rotigotine. Sleep Med. 2012;13:589–597.
  • Allen RP, Becker PM, Bogan R, et al. Ropinirole decreases periodic leg movements and improves sleep parameters in patients with restless legs syndrome. Sleep. 2004;27:907–914.
  • Allen RP, Chen C, Garcia-Borreguero D, et al. Comparison of pregabalin with pramipexole for restless legs syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:621–631.
  • Silber MH, Girish M, Izurieta R. Pramipexole in the management of restless legs syndrome: an extended study. Sleep. 2003;26:819–821.
  • Högl B, Garcia-Borreguero D, Trenkwalder C, et al. Efficacy and augmentation during 6 months of double-blind pramipexole for restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2011;12:351–360.
  • Garcia-Borreguero D, Kohnen R, Silber MH, et al. The long-term treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease: evidence-based guidelines and clinical consensus best practice guidance: a report from the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Sleep Med. 2013;14:675–684.
  • Allen RP, Picchietti D, Hening WA, et al. Restless legs syndrome: diagnostic criteria, special considerations, and epidemiology. A report from the restless legs syndrome diagnosis and epidemiology workshop at the National Institutes of Health. Sleep Med. 2003;4:101–119.
  • Garcia-Borreguero D, Allen RP, Kohnen R, et al. Diagnostic standards for dopaminergic augmentation of restless legs syndrome: report from a world association of sleep medicine international restless legs syndrome study group consensus conference at the max planck institute. Sleep Med. 2007;8:520–530.
  • Allen RP, Ondo WG, Ball E, et al. Restless legs syndrome (RLS) augmentation associated with dopamine agonist and levodopa usage in a community sample. Sleep Med. 2011;12:431–439.
  • Ondo W, Romanyshyn J, Vuong KD, et al. Long-term treatment of restless legs syndrome with dopamine agonists. Arch Neurol. 2004;61:1393–1397.
  • Trenkwalder C, Hogl B, Benes H, et al. Augmentation in restless legs syndrome is associated with low ferritin. Sleep Med. 2008;9:572–574.
  • Frauscher B, Gschliesser V, Brandauer E, et al. The severity range of restless legs syndrome (RLS) and augmentation in a prospective patient cohort: association with ferritin levels. Sleep Med. 2009;10:611–615.
  • Jellen LC, Lu L, Wan X, et al. Iron deficiency alters expression of dopamine-related genes in the ventral midbrain in mice. Neuroscience. 2013;252:13–23.
  • Hare D, Ayton S, Bush A, et al. A delicate balance: iron metabolism and diseases of the brain. Front Aging Neurosci. 2013;5:34.
  • Matak P, Matak A, Moustafa S, et al. Disrupted iron homeostasis causes dopaminergic neurodegeneration in mice. Pnas. 2016;113:3428–3435.
  • Aurora RN, Kristo DA, Bista SR, et al. The treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in adults—an update for 2012: practice parameters with an evidence based systematic review and meta-analyses: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline. Sleep. 2012;35:1039–1062.
  • Winkelman JW, Armstrong MJ, Allen RP, et al. Practice guideline summary: treatment of restless legs syndrome in adults: report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2016;87:2585–2593.
  • Chesson AL Jr, Wise M, Davila D, et al. Practice parameters for the treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Report. Standards of practice committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep. 1999;22:961–968.
  • Littner MR, Kushida C, Anderson WM, et al. Practice parameters for the dopaminergic treatment of restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder. Sleep. 2004;27:557–559.
  • Jones KL, Lacro RV, Johnson KA, et al. Pattern of malformations in the children of women treated with carbamazepine during pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:1661–1666.
  • Appleby L. Rapid development of hyponatraemia during low-dose carbamazepine therapy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984;47:1138.
  • Tegretol® US Prescribing Information. Novartis Pharmaceuticals. East Hanover, NJ. 2014. Available from: https://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/sites/www.pharma.us.novartis.com/files/tegretol.pdf
  • Trenkwalder C, Beneš H, Grote L, et al. Prolonged release oxycodone–naloxone for treatment of severe restless legs syndrome after failure of previous treatment: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label extension. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12:1141–1150.
  • FDA announces voluntary withdrawal of Pergolide products. United States Food and Drug Administration. Washington, DC: FDA. News Release; 2007. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2007/ucm108877.htm
  • NEUPRO® Prescribing Information 2016, UBC, Inc., Smyrna, GA. Available from: https://www.neupro.com/neupro-prescribing-information.pdf?v=1489766618.
  • MIRAPEX® Prescribing Information 2016, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Available from: http://docs.boehringer-ingelheim.com/Prescribing%20Information/PIs/Mirapex/Mirapex.pdf.
  • REQUIP® Prescribing Information and Medications Guides 2016, GlaxoSmithKline, NC, USA. Available from: https://www.gsksource.com/pharma/content/dam/GlaxoSmithKline/US/en/Prescribing_Information/Requip/pdf/REQUIP-PI-PIL.PDF.
  • Voon V, Schoerling A, Wenzel S, et al. Frequency of impulse control behaviours associated with dopaminergic therapy in restless legs syndrome. BMC Neurol. 2011;11:1.
  • Serafini A, Lorenzut S, Gigli GL, et al. The use of rotigotine in the treatment of restless legs syndrome. Ther Adv Nuerol Disord. 2010;3:241–248.
  • Silber MH, Becker PM, Earley C, et al. Medical advisory board of the Willis-Ekbom Disease Foundation. Willis-Ekbom Disease Foundation revised consensus statement on the management of restless legs syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88:977–986.
  • HORIZANT® Prescribing Information and Medications Guides 2013, Arbor Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Atlanta, GA. Available from: http://www.horizant.com.
  • Kushida CA, Becker PM, Ellenbogen AL, et al. XP052 Study Group. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of XP13512/GSK1838262 in patients with RLS. Neurology. 2009;72:439–446.
  • Lee DO, Ziman RB, Perkins AT, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to assess the efficacy and tolerability of gabapentin enacarbil in subjects with restless legs syndrome. J Clin Sleep Med. 2011;7:282–292.
  • Lal R, Ellenbogen A, Chen D, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study to assess the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of gabapentin enacarbil in subjects with restless legs syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2012;35:165–173.
  • LYRICA® Prescribing Information 2016, Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY. Available from: http://www.pfizer.com
  • NEURONTIN® Prescribing Information 2017, Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY. Available from: http://www.pfizer.com
  • Ferrini-Strambi L, Marelli S. Pharmacotherapy for restless legs syndrome. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014;1127–1138.
  • Ferri R, Manconi M, Arico D, et al. Acute dopamine-agonist treatment in restless legs syndrome: effects on sleep architecture and NREM sleep instability. Sleep. 2010;33:793–800.
  • Nirenberg MJ. Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome: implications for patient care. Drugs Aging. 2013;30:587–592.
  • Pondal M, Marras C, Miyasaki J, et al. Clinical features of dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome in a movement disorders clinic. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84:130–135.
  • Manconi M, Govoni V, De Vito A, et al. Restless legs syndrome and pregnancy. Neurology. 2004;63:1065e9.
  • Hubner A, Krafft A, Gadient S, et al. Characteristics and determinants of restless legs syndrome in pregnancy: a prospective study. Neurology. 2013;80:738e42.
  • Neau JP, Porcheron A, Mathis S, et al. Restless legs syndrome and pregnancy: a questionnaire study in the Poitiers District, France. Eur Neurol. 2010;64:268e74.
  • Picchietti DL, Hensley JG, Bainbridge JL, et al. International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG). Consensus clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease during pregnancy and lactation. Sleep Med Rev. 2015;22:64–77.
  • Allen RP, Picchietti DL, Garcia-Borreguero D, et al. Restless legs syndrome/Willis-Ekbom disease diagnostic criteria: updated International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG) consensus criteria – history, rationale, description, and significance. Sleep Med. 2014;15:860–873.
  • Schneider J, Krafft A, Manconi M, et al. Open-label study of the efficacy and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in pregnant women with restless legs syndrome. Sleep Med. 2015;16:1342–1347.
  • Vadasz D, Ries V, Oertel WH. Intravenous iron sucrose for restless legs syndrome in pregnant women with low serum ferritin. Sleep Med. 2013;14:1214–1216.
  • Dostal M, Weber‐Schoendorfer C, Sobesky J, et al. Pregnancy outcome following use of levodopa, pramipexole, ropinirole, and rotigotine for restless legs syndrome during pregnancy: a case series. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20:1241–1246.
  • Picchietti D, Allen RP, Walters AS, et al. Restless legs syndrome: prevalence and impact in children and adolescents—the Peds REST study. Pediatrics. 2007;120:253–266.
  • Turkdogan D, Bekiroglu N, Zaimoglu S. A prevalence study of restless legs syndrome in Turkish children and adolescents. Sleep Med. 2011;12:315–321.
  • Picchietti DL, Bruni O, De Weerd A, et al. Pediatric restless legs syndrome diagnostic criteria: an update by the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Sleep Med. 2013;14:1253–1259.
  • Amos LB, Grekowicz ML, Kuhn EM, et al. Treatment of pediatric restless legs syndrome. Linical Pediatr (Phila). 2014;53:331–336.
  • Tilma J, Tilma K, Norregaard O, et al. Early childhood‐onset restless legs syndrome: symptoms and effect of oral iron treatment. Acta Pædiatr. 2013;102:e221–e226.
  • Dye TJ, Jain SV, Simakajornboon N. Outcomes of long-term iron supplementation in pediatric restless legs syndrome/periodic limb movement disorder (RLS/PLMD). Sleep Med. 2017;32:213–219.
  • Tippmann-Peikert M, Park JG, Boeve BF, et al. Pathologic gambling in patients with restless legs syndrome treated with dopaminergic agonists. Neurology. 2007;68:301–303.
  • Dang D, Cunnington D, Swieca J. The emergence of devastating impulse control disorders during dopamine agonist therapy of the restless legs syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2011;34:66–70.
  • Heim B, Djamshidian A, Heidbreder A, et al. Augmentation and impulsive behaviors in restless legs syndrome Coexistence or association? Neurology. 2016;87:36–40.
  • Giannaki CD, Sakkas GK, Karatzaferi C, et al. Effect of exercise training and dopamine agonists in patients with uremic restless legs syndrome: a six-month randomized, partially double-blind, placebo-controlled comparative study. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:194.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.