Impact of improving postprandial glycemic control with intensifying insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes

References

• Van Wijngaarden RPT, Overbeek JA, Heintjes EM, et al. Relation between different measures of glycemic exposure and microvascular and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an observational cohort study. Diabetes Ther. 2017. DOI:10.1007/s13300-017-0301-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahelić D, Javor E, Lucijanić T, et al. Effects of antidiabetic drugs on the incidence of macrovascular complications and mortality in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a new perspective on sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. Ann Med. 2017;49:51–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chew EY, Davis MD, Danis RP, et al. The effects of medical management on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in persons with type 2 diabetes: the ACCORD eye study. Ophthalmology. 2014;121:2443–2451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oguz A, Benroubi M, Brismar K, et al. Clinical outcomes after 24 months of insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes in five countries: results from the TREAT study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2013;29:911–920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giugliano D, Maiorino MI, Bellastella G, et al. Efficacy of insulin analogs in achieving the hemoglobin A1c target of <7% in type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:510–517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polinski JM, Kim SC, Jiang D, et al. Geographic patterns in patient demographics and insulin use in 18 countries, a global perspective from the multinational observational study assessing insulin use: understanding the challenges associated with progression of therapy (MOSAIc). BMC Endocr Disord. 2015;15:46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito K, Chiodini P, Bellastella G, et al. Proportion of patients at HbA1c target <7% with eight classes of antidiabetic drugs in type 2 diabetes: systematic review of 218 randomized controlled trials with 78945 patients. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:228–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkman MS, Rowan-Martin MT, Levin R, et al. Determinants of adherence to diabetes medications: findings from a large pharmacy claims database. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:604–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmittdiel JA, Uratsu CS, Karter AJ, et al. Why don’t diabetes patients achieve recommended risk factor targets? Poor adherence versus lack of treatment intensification. J Gen Intern Med. 2008;23:588–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalal MR, Grabner M, Bonine N, et al. Are patients on basal insulin attaining glycemic targets? Characteristics and goal achievement of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with basal insulin and physician-perceived barriers to achieving glycemic targets. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;121:17–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly LA, Morris AD, Evans JM. Adherence to insulin and its association with glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. QJM: Monthly Journal Association Physicians. 2007;100:345–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes RP, Fitzgerald JT, Jacober SJ. Primary care physician beliefs about insulin initiation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62:860–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes-Truscott E, Browne JL, Speight J. The impact of insulin therapy and attitudes towards insulin intensification among adults with type 2 diabetes: a qualitative study. J Diabetes Complications. 2016;30:1151–1157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakar S, Yitzhaki G, Rosenberg R, et al. Transition to insulin in Type 2 diabetes: family physicians’ misconception of patients’ fears contributes to existing barriers. J Diabetes Complications. 2007;21:220–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrot M, Barnett AH, Meneghini LF, et al. Insulin adherence behaviours and barriers in the multinational global attitudes of patients and physicians in insulin therapy study. Diabetic Medicine: a Journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2012;29:682–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polinski JM, Connolly JG, Curtis BH, et al. Patterns and trends in insulin intensification among patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Prim Care Diabetes. 2014;8:101–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrot M, Rubin RR, Khunti K. Addressing barriers to initiation of insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Prim Care Diabetes. 2010;4(Suppl 1):S11–S18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khunti K, Davies MJ. Clinical inertia-Time to reappraise the terminology? Prim Care Diabetes. 2017;11:105–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafar A, Davies M, Azhar A, et al. Clinical inertia in management of T2DM. Prim Care Diabetes. 2010;4:203–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khunti K, Damci T, Meneghini L, et al. Study of once daily Levemir (SOLVE): insights into the timing of insulin initiation in people with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes in routine clinical practice. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:654–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes-2017. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:S1–S135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu AZ, Sheehan JJ. Change in HbA1c associated with treatment intensification among patients with type 2 diabetes and poor glycemic control. Curr Med Res Opin. 2017;33:853–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale J, Martin S, Gadsby R. Insulin initiation in primary care for patients with type 2 diabetes: 3-year follow-up study. Prim Care Diabetes. 2010;4:85–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blak BT, Smith HT, Hards M, et al. A retrospective database study of insulin initiation in patients with Type 2 diabetes in UK primary care. Diabet Med. 2012;29:e191–e198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khunti K, Nikolajsen A, Thorsted BL, et al. Clinical inertia with regard to intensifying therapy in people with type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18:401–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiter LA, Yale J-F, Chiasson J-L, et al. Assessment of the impact of fear of hypoglycemic episodes on glycemic and hypoglycemia management. Can J Diabetes. 2005;29:186–192.
   Google Scholar
• Paul SK, Klein K, Thorsted BL, et al. Delay in treatment intensification increases the risks of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2015;14:100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monnier L, Colette C. Postprandial and basal hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes: contributions to overall glucose exposure and diabetic complications. Diabetes Metab. 2015;41:6S9–6S15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monnier L, Colette C, Dunseath GJ, et al. The loss of postprandial glycemic control precedes stepwise deterioration of fasting with worsening diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:263–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monnier L, Colette C. Contributions of fasting and postprandial glucose to hemoglobin A1c. Endocr Practice: Official Journal Am Coll Endocrinol Am Assoc Clin Endocrinologists. 2006;12(Suppl 1):42–46.
   Google Scholar
• Riddle M, Umpierrez G, DiGenio A, et al. Contributions of basal and postprandial hyperglycemia over a wide range of A1C levels before and after treatment intensification in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2508–2514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monnier L, Lapinski H, Colette C. Contributions of fasting and postprandial plasma glucose increments to the overall diurnal hyperglycemia of type 2 diabetic patients: variations with increasing levels of HbA(1c). Diabetes Care. 2003;26:881–885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketema EB, Kibret KT. Correlation of fasting and postprandial plasma glucose with HbA1c in assessing glycemic control; systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Public Health. 2015;73:43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woerle HJ, Neumann C, Zschau S, et al. Impact of fasting and postprandial glycemia on overall glycemic control in type 2 diabetes importance of postprandial glycemia to achieve target HbA1c levels. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;77:280–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raccah D, Chou E, Colagiuri S, et al. A global study of the unmet need for glycemic control and predictor factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who have achieved optimal fasting plasma glucose control on basal insulin. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2017;33:e2858.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronoff SL, Berkowitz K, Shreiner B, et al. Glucose metabolism and regulation: beyond insulin and glucagon. Diabetes Spectr. 2004;17:183–190.
   Google Scholar
• Defronzo RA. Banting Lecture. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: a new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 2009;58:773–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polonsky KS, Given BD, Hirsch LJ, et al. Abnormal patterns of insulin secretion in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:1231–1239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woerle HJ, Szoke E, Meyer C, et al. Mechanisms for abnormal postprandial glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;290:E67–E77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Prato S. Loss of early insulin secretion leads to postprandial hyperglycaemia. Diabetologia. 2003;46(Suppl. 1):M2–M8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizza RA. Pathogenesis of fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: implications for therapy. Diabetes. 2010;59:2697–2707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holst JJ, Vilsboll T, Deacon CF. The incretin system and its role in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009;297:127–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E, et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1995;28:103–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). Lancet. 1998;352:854–865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Prospective Diabetes. Study (UKPDS) Group: intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet. 1998;352:837–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemmingsen B, Lund SS, Gluud C, et al. Targeting intensive glycaemic control versus targeting conventional glycaemic control for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;CD008143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Advance Collaborative Group, Patel A, MacMahon S, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2560–2572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group, Gerstein HC, Miller ME, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545–2559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Intensive glucose control and complications in American veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:129–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1577–1589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donahue RP, Abbott RD, Reed DM, et al. Postchallenge glucose concentration and coronary heart disease in men of Japanese ancestry. Honolulu Heart Program. Diabetes. 1987;36:689–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang Z, Xing X, Xiao J, et al. Prevalence of cardiovascular disease and risk factors in the Chinese population with impaired glucose regulation: the 2007-2008 China national diabetes and metabolic disorders study. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2013;121:372–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavalot F, Petrelli A, Traversa M, et al. Postprandial blood glucose is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular events than fasting blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus, particularly in women: lessons from the San Luigi Gonzaga diabetes study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:813–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibal L, Agarwal SC, Home PD. Carotid intima-media thickness as a surrogate marker of cardiovascular disease in diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2011;4:23–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Esposito K, Giugliano D, Nappo F, et al. Regression of carotid atherosclerosis by control of postprandial hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2004;110:214–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito K, Ciotola M, Carleo D, et al. Post-meal glucose peaks at home associate with carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:1345–1350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundby-Christensen L, Vaag A, Tarnow L, et al. Effects of biphasic, basal-bolus or basal insulin analogue treatments on carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the randomised Copenhagen insulin and metformin therapy (CIMT) trial. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e008377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiasson JL, Josse RG, Gomis R, et al. Acarbose treatment and the risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension in patients with impaired glucose tolerance: the STOP-NIDDM trial. Jama. 2003;290:486–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raz I, Wilson PW, Strojek K, et al. Effects of prandial versus fasting glycemia on cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes: the HEART2D trial. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:381–386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raz I, Ceriello A, Wilson PW, et al. Post hoc subgroup analysis of the HEART2D trial demonstrates lower cardiovascular risk in older patients targeting postprandial versus fasting/premeal glycemia. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1511–1513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAVIGATOR Study Group, Holman RR, Haffner SM, et al. Effect of nateglinide on the incidence of diabetes and cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1463–1476. Erratum in: N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yacoub TG. Combining clinical judgment with guidelines for the management of type 2 diabetes: overall standards of comprehensive care. Postgrad Med. 2014;126:85–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yacoub TG. Application of clinical judgment and guidelines to achieving glycemic goals in type 2 diabetes: focus on pharmacologic therapy. Postgrad Med. 2014;126:95–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garber AJ, Abrahamson MJ, Barzilay JI, et al. Consensus statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the comprehensive type 2 diabetes management algorithm - 2017 executive summary. Endocr Pract. 2017;23:207–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Diabetes Federation Guideline Development Group. Guideline for management of postmeal glucose in diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103:256–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:140–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman RR, Thorne KI, Farmer AJ, et al. Addition of biphasic, prandial, or basal insulin to oral therapy in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1716–1730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodbard HW, Visco VE, Andersen H, et al. Treatment intensification with stepwise addition of prandial insulin aspart boluses compared with full basal-bolus therapy (FullSTEP Study): a randomised, treat-to-target clinical trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:30–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Home PD. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rapid-acting insulin analogues and their clinical consequences. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:780–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novo Nordisk. Prescribing information for insulin aspart: US Food and Drug Administration; 2015 updated Feb 2015; cited 17 Jul 2017. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/020986s082lbl.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Sanofi. Prescribing information for insulin glulisine: US Food and Drug Administration; 2015 updated Feb 2015; cited 17 Jul 2017. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2015/021629s030lbl.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Eli Lilly. Prescribing information for insulin lispro injection: US Food and Drug Administration; 2013 updated Mar 2013; cited 17 Jul 17. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2013/020563s115lbl.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Morrow L, Muchmore DB, Hompesch M, et al. Comparative pharmacokinetics and insulin action for three rapid-acting insulin analogs injected subcutaneously with and without hyaluronidase. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:273–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinemann L, Baughman R, Boss A, et al. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of a novel inhaled insulin. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2017;11:148–156.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heise T, Hovelmann U, Brondsted L, et al. Faster-acting insulin aspart: earlier onset of appearance and greater early pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects than insulin aspart. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015;17:682–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heise T, Pieber TR, Danne T, et al. A pooled analysis of clinical pharmacology trials investigating the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of fast-acting insulin aspart in adults with type 1 diabetes. Clin Pharm. 2017;56:551–559.
   Google Scholar
• Bowering K, Case C, Harvey J, et al. Faster aspart versus insulin aspart as part of a basal-bolus regimen in inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: the onset 2 trial. Diabetes Care. 2017;40:951–957.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapitza C, Nowotny I, Lehmann A, et al. Similar pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rapid-acting insulin lispro products SAR342434 and US- and EU-approved Humalog in subjects with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19:622–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg SK, Wernicke-Panten K, Rojeski M, et al. Similar glucose control, postprandial glucose excursions, and safety in people with T1DM using SAR342434 or insulin lispro in combination with insulin glargine (GLA100): SORELLA 1 study. Diabetes. 2016;65(Suppl.1A):LB25. (abstract 94-LB).
   Google Scholar
• Andersen G, Alluis B, Meiffren G, et al. The ultra-rapid BioChaperone insulin lispro (BC LIS) shows a faster onset of action and stronger early metabolic effect than insulin lispro (LIS). Diabetes. 2014;63(Suppl.1A):LB19. (abstract 78-LB).
   Google Scholar
• Andersen G, Meiffren G, Alluis B, et al. Ultra-rapid BioChaperone® lispro ameliorates postprandial blood glucose (PPG) control compared with Humalog in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 2016;65(Suppl.1):A77. (abstract 294-OR).
   Google Scholar
• Kapitza C, Leohr J, Liu R, et al. A novel formulation of insulin Lispro containing citrate and treprostinil shows significantly faster absorption and an improvement in postprandial glucose excursions vs. humalog in patients with T2D. Diabetes. 2017;66(Suppl.1):A253–A254. abstract 978-P.
   Google Scholar
• Daenen S, Sola-Gazagnes A, M’Bemba J, et al. Peak-time determination of post-meal glucose excursions in insulin-treated diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab. 2010;36:165–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhling KJ, Winkel T, Wolf C, et al. Optimal timing for postprandial glucose measurement in pregnant women with diabetes and a non-diabetic pregnant population evaluated by the continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS). J Perinat Med. 2005;33:125–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisz B, Shrim A, Homko CJ, et al. One hour versus two hours postprandial glucose measurement in gestational diabetes: a prospective study. J Perinatol. 2005;25:241–244.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sivan E, Weisz B, Homko CJ, et al. One or two hours postprandial glucose measurements: are they the same? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;185:604–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackberry ID, Furler JS, Ginnivan LE, et al. An exploratory trial of basal and prandial insulin initiation and titration for type 2 diabetes in primary care with adjunct retrospective continuous glucose monitoring: INITIATION study. Diabetes Res Clini Pract. 2014;106:247–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelman SV, Liu R, Johnson J, et al. AUTONOMY: the first randomized trial comparing two patient-driven approaches to initiate and titrate prandial insulin lispro in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2014;37:2132–2140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao Y, Luquez C, Lynggaard H, et al. The simpleMix study with biphasic insulin aspart 30: a randomized controlled trial investigating patient-driven titration versus investigator-driven titration. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;30:2483–2492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin RR, Peyrot M, Chen X, et al. Patient-reported outcomes from a 16-week open-label, multicenter study of insulin pump therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2010;12:901–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reznik Y, Cohen O. Insulin pump for type 2 diabetes: use and misuse of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(Suppl 2):S219–S225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herman WH, Ilag LL, Johnson SL, et al. A clinical trial of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:1568–1573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raskin P, Bode BW, Marks JB, et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and multiple daily injection therapy are equally effective in type 2 diabetes: a randomized, parallel-group, 24-week study. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2598–2603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berthe E, Lireux B, Coffin C, et al. Effectiveness of intensive insulin therapy by multiple daily injections and continuous subcutaneous infusion: a comparison study in type 2 diabetes with conventional insulin regimen failure. Horm Metab Res. 2007;39:224–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wainstein J, Metzger M, Boaz M, et al. Insulin pump therapy vs. multiple daily injections in obese type 2 diabetic patients. Diabet Med. 2005;22:1037–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch P, Riedel AA, Samant N, et al. Improved A1C by switching to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion from injection insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: A retrospective claims analysis. Prim Care Diabetes. 2010;4:209–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronson R, Cohen O, Conget I, et al. OpT2mise: a randomized controlled trial to compare insulin pump therapy with multiple daily injections in the treatment of type 2 diabetes-research design and methods. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2014;16:414–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronson R, Reznik Y, Conget I, et al. Sustained efficacy of insulin pump therapy compared with multiple daily injections in type 2 diabetes: 12-month data from the OpT2mise randomized trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2016;18:500–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conget I, Castaneda J, Petrovski G, et al. The impact of insulin pump therapy on glycemic profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes: data from the OpT2mise study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2016;18:22–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reznik Y, Cohen O, Aronson R, et al. Insulin pump treatment compared with multiple daily injections for treatment of type 2 diabetes (OpT2mise): a randomised open-label controlled trial. Lancet. 2014;384:1265–1272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morera J, Joubert M, Morello R, et al. Sustained efficacy of insulin pump therapy in type 2 diabetes: 9-year follow-up in a cohort of 161 patients. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:e74–e75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reznik Y, Morera J, Rod A, et al. Efficacy of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a survey on a cohort of 102 patients with prolonged follow-up. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2010;12:931–936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labrousse-Lhermine F, Cazals L, Ruidavets JB, et al. Long-term treatment combining continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with oral hypoglycaemic agents is effective in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2007;33:253–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen O, Valentine W. Do we need updated guidelines on the use of insulin pump therapy in type 2 diabetes? A review of national and international practice guidelines. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2016;10:1388–1398.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen O, Filetti S, Castañeda J, et al. When intensive insulin therapy (MDI) fails in patients with type 2 diabetes: switching to GLP-1 receptor agonist versus insulin pump. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(Suppl. 2):S180–S186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anhalt H, Bohannon NJV. Insulin patch pumps: their development and future in closed-loop systems. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2010;12(Suppl. 1):S51–S58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Layne JE, Parkin CG, Zisser H. Efficacy of a tubeless patch pump in patients with type 2 diabetes previously treated with multiple daily injections. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2017;11:178–179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kapitza C, Fein S, Heinemann L, et al. Basal-prandial insulin delivery in type 2 diabetes mellitus via the V-Go: a novel continuous subcutaneous infusion device. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2008;2:40–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johns BR, Jones TC, Sink JH 2nd, et al. Real-world assessment of glycemic control after V-Go(R) initiation in an endocrine practice in the southeastern United States. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2014;8:1060–1061.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lajara R, Davidson JA, Nikkel CC, et al. Clinical and cost-effectiveness of insulin delivery with V-GO(®) disposable insulin delivery device versus multiple daily injections in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on basal insulin. Endocr Pract. 2016;22:726–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohannon N, Bergenstal R, Cuddihy R, et al. Comparison of a novel insulin bolus-patch with pen/syringe injection to deliver mealtime insulin for efficacy, preference, and quality of life in adults with diabetes: a randomized, crossover, multicenter study. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2011;13:1031–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.gov. Glycemic control and treatment satisfaction using finesse versus pen for initiating bolus insulin dosing in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients not achieving glycemic targets on basal insulin with/without anti-hyperglycemic agents: ClinicalTrials.gov; 2017 updated 30 May 2017; cited 17 Jul 2017]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02542631.
   Google Scholar
• Luijf YM, Arnolds S, Avogaro A, et al. Patch pump versus conventional pump: postprandial glycemic excursions and the influence of wear time. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2013;15:575–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borot S, Franc S, Cristante J, et al. Accuracy of a new patch pump based on a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) compared to other commercially available insulin pumps: results of the first in vitro and in vivo studies. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2014;8:1133–1141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar