Chronic periodontitis, inflammatory cytokines, and interrelationship with other chronic diseases

References

• Petersen PE, Ogawa H. Strengthening the prevention of periodontal disease: the WHO approach. J Periodontol. 2005;76(12):2187–2193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen PE, Ogawa H. The global burden of periodontal disease: towards integration with chronic disease prevention and control. Periodontol 2000. 2012;60(1):15–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO 2015. Assessing national capacity for the prevention and control of Noncommunicable diseases: report of the 2015 global survey. WHO. ISBN 978 92 4 156536 3.
   Google Scholar
• Petersen PE, Baehni PC. Periodontal health and global public health. Periodontol 2000. 2012;60(1):7–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage GC. Development of a classification system for periodontal diseases and conditions. Ann Periodontol. 1999;4(1):1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wiebe CB, Putnins EE. The periodontal disease classification system of the American academy of periodontology–an update. J Can Dent Assoc. 2000;66(11):594–597.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Armitage GC, Cullinan MP, Seymour GJ. Comparative biology of chronic and aggressive periodontitis: introduction. Periodontol 2000. 2010;53:7–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AAP, American Academy of Periodontology Task Force. American academy of periodontology task force report on the update to the 1999 classification of periodontal diseases and conditions. J Periodontol. 2015;86(7): 835–838. DOI:10.1902/jop.2015.157001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monti D, Ostan R, Borelli V, et al. Inflammaging and human longevity in the omics era. Mech Ageing Dev. 2017;165(Pt B):129–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yucel-Lindberg T, Båge T. Inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2013;15:e7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer CD, Genco CA. Microbiota, immune subversion, and chronic inflammation. Front Immunol. 2017;8:255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornman KS, Giannobile WV, Duff GW. Quo vadis: what is the future of periodontics? How will we get there? Periodontol 2000. 2017;75(1):353–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garlet GP. Destructive and protective roles of cytokines in periodontitis: a re-appraisal from host defense and tissue destruction viewpoints. J Dent Res. 2010;89(12):1349–1363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu YC, Lerner UH, Teng YT. Cytokine responses against periodontal infection: protective and destructive roles. Periodontol 2000. 2010;52:163–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hajishengallis G. Periodontitis: from microbial immune subversion to systemic inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2015;15:30–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preshaw PM, Taylor JJ. How has research into cytokine interactions and their role in driving immune responses impacted our understanding of periodontitis? J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38:60–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosma-Den Boer MM, Van Wetten ML, Pruimboom L. Chronic inflammatory diseases are stimulated by current lifestyle: how diet, stress levels and medication prevent our body from recovering. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2012;9:32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dyke TE, Van Winkelhoff AJ. Infection and inflammatory mechanisms. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40:S1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapple I, Wilson N. Chronic non-communicable diseases. Br Dent J. 2014;216:487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rettori E, De Laurentiis A, Dees WL, et al. Host neuro-immuno-endocrine responses in periodontal disease. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20:4749–4759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sculley DV. Periodontal disease: modulation of the inflammatory cascade by dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Periodontal Res. 2014;49:277–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinane DF, Preshaw PM, Loos BG. Working Group 2 of Seventh European Workshop on Periodontology. Host-response: understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of host-microbial interactions-consensus of the Seventh European Workshop on Periodontology. J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38:44–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garlet GP, Sfeir CS, Little SR. Restoring host-microbe homeostasis via selective chemoattraction of Tregs. J Dent Res. 2014;93(9):834–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azodi S, Jacobson S. Cytokine therapies in neurological disease. Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13(3):555–561.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drutskaya MS, Efimov GA, Kruglov AA, et al. Can we design a better anti-cytokine therapy? J Leukoc Biol. 2017;102(3):783–790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirichenko TV, Sobenin IA, Nikolic D, et al. Anti-cytokine therapy for prevention of atherosclerosis. Phytomedicine. 2016;23(11):1198–1210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tokyodeclaration_final. 2015. [cited 2017 Jun 05]. Available from: http://www.who.int/oral_health/tokyodeclaration_final.pdf?ua=1
   Google Scholar
• Ebersole JL, Graves CL, Gonzalez OA, et al. Aging, inflammation, immunity and periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000. 2016;72(1):54–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franceschi C, Garagnani P, Vitale G, et al. Inflammaging and ‘Garb-aging’. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2017;28(3):199–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reis C, Da Costa AV, Guimarães JT, et al. Clinical improvement following therapy for periodontitis: association with a decrease in IL-1 and IL-6. Exp Ther Med. 2014;8(1):323–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonetti MS, Van Dyke TE. Periodontitis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: consensus report of the Joint EFP/AAP workshop on periodontitis and systemic diseases. J Periodontol. 2013;84(4Suppl):S24–29.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Libby P, Hansson GK. Inflammation and immunity in diseases of the arterial tree: players and layers. Circ Res. 2015;116(2):307–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen CM, Kim JW, Quan VH, et al. Periodontal associations in cardiovascular diseases: the latest evidence and understanding. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2015;5(3):203–206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mayr M, Kiechl S, Mendall MA, et al. Increased risk of atherosclerosis is confined to CagA-positive Helicobacter pylori strains: prospective results from the Bruneck study. Stroke. 2003;34(3):610–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiechl S, Egger G, Mayr M, et al. Chronic infections and the risk of carotid atherosclerosis: prospective results from a large population study. Circulation. 2001;103(8):1064–1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuura E, Kobayashi K, Matsunami Y, et al. Autoimmunity, infectious immunity, and atherosclerosis. J Clin Immunol. 2009;29(6):714–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leinonen M, Saikku P. Evidence for infectious agents in cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2(1):11–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spahr A, Klein E, Khuseyinova N, et al. Periodontal infections and coronary heart disease: role of periodontal bactéria and importance of total pathogen burden in the Coronary Event and Periodontal Disease (CORODONT) study. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(5):554–559.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boillot A, Demmer RT, Mallat Z, et al. Periodontal microbiota and phospholipases: the Oral Infections and Vascular Disease Epidemiology Study (INVEST). Atherosclerosis. 2015;242(2):418–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mustapha IZ, Debrey S, Oladubu M, et al. Markers of systemic bacterial exposure in periodontal disease and cardiovascular disease risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontol. 2007;78(12):2289–2302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kebschull M, Demmer RT, Papapanou PN. “Gum bug, leave my heart alone!”–epidemiologic and mechanistic evidence linking periodontal infections and atherosclerosis. J Dent Res. 2010;89(9):879–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullinan MP, Seymour GJ. Periodontal disease and systemic illness: will the evidence ever be enough? Periodontol 2000. 2013;62(1):271–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Aiuto F, Orlandi M, Gunsolley JC. Evidence that periodontal treatment improves biomarkers and CVD outcomes. J Periodontol. 2013;84(4Suppl):S85–S105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seinost G, Wimmer G, Skerget M, et al. Periodontal treatment improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with severe periodontitis. Am Heart J. 2005;149(6):1050–1054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elter JR, Hinderliter AL, Offenbacher S, et al. The effects of periodontal therapy on vascular endothelial function: a pilot trial. Am Heart J. 2006;151(1):47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonetti MS. Periodontitis and risk for atherosclerosis: an update on intervention trials. J Clin Periodontol. 2009;36(Suppl 10):15–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockhart PB, Bolger AF, Papapanou PN, et al. Periodontal disease and atherosclerotic vascular disease: does the evidence support an independent association?: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;125(20):2520–2544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lalla E, Papapanou PN. Diabetes mellitus and periodontitis: a tale of two common interrelated diseases. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011;7(12):738–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapple IL, Genco R. Diabetes and periodontal diseases: consensus report of the Joint EFP/AAP Workshop on Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases. Working group 2 of joint EFP/AAP workshop J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40Suppl 14:S106–112. DOI:10.1111/jcpe.12077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazir MA. Prevalence of periodontal disease, its association with systemic diseases and prevention. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2017;11(2):72–80.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khader YS, Dauod AS, El-Qaderi SS, et al. Periodontal status of diabetics compared with nondiabetics: a meta-analysis. J Diabetes Complications. 2006;20(1):59–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor JJ, Preshaw PM, Lalla E. A review of the evidence for pathogenic mechanisms that may link periodontitis and diabetes. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40(Suppl 14):S113–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preshaw PM, Foster N, Taylor JJ. Cross-susceptibility between periodontal disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus: an immunobiological perspective. Periodontol. 2000;2007(45):138–157.
   Google Scholar
• Saremi A, Nelson RG, Tulloch-Reid M, et al. Periodontal disease and mortality in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(1):27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shultis WA, Weil EJ, Looker HC, et al. Effect of periodontitis on overt nephropathy and end-stage renal disease in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(2):306–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgnakke WS, Anderson PF, Shannon C, et al. Is there a relationship between oral health and diabetic neuropathy? Curr Diab Rep. 2015;15(11):93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donath MY, Shoelson SE. Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11(2):98–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darré L, Vergnes JN, Gourdy P, et al. Efficacy of periodontal treatment on glycaemic control in diabetic patients: a meta-analysis of interventional studies. Diabetes Metab. 2008;34(5):497–506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teeuw WJ, Gerdes VE, Loos BG. Effect of periodontal treatment on glycemic control of diabetic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(2):421–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engebretson S, Kocher T. Evidence that periodontal treatment improves diabetes outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Periodontol. 2013;84(4 Suppl):S153–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson TC, Weldon JC, Worthington HV, et al. Treatment of periodontal disease for glycaemic control in people with diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(11):CD004714. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD004714.pub3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madianos PN, Bobetsis YA, Offenbacher S. Adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) and periodontal disease: pathogenic mechanisms. J Periodontol. 2013;84(4 Suppl):S170–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergnes JN, Sixou M. Preterm low birth weight and maternal periodontal status: a meta-analysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;196(2):135.e1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xiong X, Buekens P, Goldenberg RL, et al. Optimal timing of periodontal disease treatment for prevention of adverse pregnancy outcomes: before or during pregnancy? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;205(2):111.e1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambrone L, Pannuti CM, Guglielmetti MR, et al. Evidence grade associating periodontitis with preterm birth and/or low birth weight: II: a systematic review of randomized trials evaluating the effects of periodontal treatment. J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38(10):902–914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ide M, Papapanou PN. Epidemiology of association between maternal periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcomes–systematic review. J Periodontol. 2013;84(4Suppl):S181–94.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silver RM, Schwinzer B, McGregor JA. Interleukin-6 levels in amniotic fluid in normal and abnormal pregnancies: preeclampsia, small-for-gestational-age fetus, and premature labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169(5):1101–1105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heyborne KD, Witkin SS, McGregor JA. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in midtrimester amniotic fluid is associated with impaired intrauterine fetal growth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1992;167(4 Pt 1):920–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappelletti M, Della Bella S, Ferrazzi E, et al. Inflammation and preterm birth. J Leukoc Biol. 2016;99(1):67–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bearfield C, Davenport ES, Sivapathasundaram V, et al. Possible association between amniotic fluid micro-organism infection and microflora in the mouth. Bjog. 2002;109(5):527–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin D, Moss K, Beck JD, et al. Persistently high levels of periodontal pathogens associated with preterm pregnancy outcome. J Periodontol. 2007;78(5):833–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalowicz BS, Gustafsson A, Thumbigere-Math V, et al. The effects of periodontal treatment on pregnancy outcomes. J Periodontol. 2013;84(4Suppl):S195–208.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George A, Ajwani S, Bhole S, et al. Knowledge, attitude and practises of dentists towards oral health care during pregnancy: a cross sectional survey in New South Wales, Australia. Aust Dent J. 2017. DOI:10.1111/adj.12505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim AJ, Lo AJ, Pullin DA, et al. Scaling and root planing treatment for periodontitis to reduce preterm birth and low birth weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Periodontol. 2012 Mar 1;83(12):1508–1519. DOI:10.1902/jop.2012.110636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz M, Kornman K. Periodontitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: consensus report of the Joint EFP/AAP Workshop on Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases. working group 3 of the joint EFP/AAP workshop J Periodontol. 2013;844 Suppl:S164–169. DOI:10.1902/jop.2013.1340016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tezal M, Sullivan MA, Reid ME, et al. Chronic periodontitis and the risk of tongue cancer. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;133(5):450–454.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tezal M, Sullivan MA, Hyland A, et al. Chronic periodontitis and the incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2009;18(9):2406–2412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linden GJ, Lyons A, Scannapieco FA. Periodontal systemic associations: review of the evidence. J Clin Periodontol. 2013;40(Suppl 14):S8–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaud DS, Fu Z, Shi J, et al. Periodontal disease, tooth loss, and cancer risk. Epidemiol Rev. 2017;39(1):49–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trinchieri G. Cancer and inflammation: an old intuition with rapidly evolving new concepts. Annu Rev Immunol. 2012;30:677–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inácio Pinto N, Carnier J, Oyama LM, et al. Cancer as a proinflammatory environment: metastasis and Cachexia. Mediators Inflamm. 2015;2015:791060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg JE, Schwertfeger KL. Proinflammatory cytokines in breast cancer: mechanisms of action and potential targets for therapeutics. Curr Drug Targets. 2010;11(9):1133–1146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scannapieco FA, Cantos A. Oral inflammation and infection, and chronic medical diseases: implications for the elderly. Periodontol 2000. 2016;72(1):153–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Melo Neto JP, Melo MS, Dos Santos-Pereira SA, et al. Periodontal infections and community-acquired pneumonia: a case-control study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;32(1):27–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terpenning MS, Taylor GW, Lopatin DE, et al. Aspiration pneumonia: dental and oral risk factors in an older veteran population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49(5):557–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paju S, Scannapieco FA. Oral biofilms, periodontitis, and pulmonary infections. Oral Dis. 2007;13(6):508–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azarpazhooh A, Leake JL. Systematic review of the association between respiratory diseases and oral health. J Periodontol. 2006;77(9):1465–1482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjögren P, Wårdh I, Zimmerman M, et al. Oral care and mortality in older adults with pneumonia in hospitals or nursing homes: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64(10):2109–2115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes PJ. Immunology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8(3):183–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobbins S, Chapple IL, Sapey E, et al. Is periodontitis a comorbidity of COPD or can associations be explained by shared risk factors/behaviors? Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:1339–1349. eCollection 2017. DOI:10.2147/COPD.S127802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung JH, Hwang HJ, Kim SH, et al. Associations between periodontitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the 2010 to 2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Periodontol. 2016;87(8):864–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öztekin G, Baser U, Kucukcoskun M, et al. The association between periodontal disease and chronic obstructive pulmonar disease: a case control study. Copd. 2014;11(4):424–430.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou X, Han J, Liu Z, et al. Effects of periodontal treatment on lung function and exacerbation frequency in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic periodontitis: a 2-year pilot randomized controlled trial. J Clin Periodontol. 2014;41:564–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar