Serum interleukin-6 levels as an indicator of aseptic meningitis among children with enterovirus 71-induced hand, foot and mouth disease

References

• Abzug MJ. Nonpolio enterovirus. Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW editors. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia (PA):Elsevier. 2016. 1561–1568.
   Google Scholar
• Bopegamaga S. Enterovirus infections: pivoting role of the adaptive immune response. Virulence. 2016;7:495–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu W, Jin P, Li XJ, et al. Correlates of protection for inactivated enterovirus 71 vaccine: the analysis of immunological surrogate endpoints. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2017;16:945–949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassel C, Mirand A, Lukashev A, et al. Transmission pattern of human enterovirus 71 to, from and among European counties, 2003 to 2013. Euro Surveill. 2015;20:30005.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Akhmadishina LV, Eremeeva TP, Trotsenko OE, et al. Seroepidemiology and molecular epidemiology of enterovirus 71 in Russia. PLoS One. 2014;9:e97404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro CM, Cruz AC, Silva EE, et al. Molecular and seroepidemiologic studies of enterovirus 71 infection in the State of Para, Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2005;47:65–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McMinn P, Stratov I, Nagarajan L, et al. Neurologic manifestations of enterovirus 71 infection in children during an outbreak of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Western Australia. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;15:236–242.
   Google Scholar
• Ooi MH, Wong SC, Podin Y, et al. Human enterovirus 71 disease in Sarawak, Malaysia: a prospective clinical, virological, and molecular epidemiological study. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:646–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mizuta K, Abiko C, Murata T, et al. Frequent importation of enterovirus 71 from surrounding countries into the local community of Yamagata, Japan, between 1998 and 2003. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43:6171–6175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Z, Zhang G, Guo P, et al. Epidemiological characterizations, pathogen spectrum and molecular characteristics of Coxsackievirus A 16 from patients with HFMD in Yantai, Shandong, China between 2011 and 2015. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017;13:1831–1838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye N, Gong X, Pang LL, et al. Cytokine responses and correlations thereof with clinical profiles in children with enterovirus 71 infections. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Li R, Xie Z, et al. IL-6, IL-10 and IL-13 are associated with pathogenesis in children with enterovirus 71 infections. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2014;7:2718–2723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang SY, Xu MY, Xu HM, et al. Immunologic characterization of cytokines responses to enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 infection in children. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94:e1137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim SJ, Kim JH, Kang JH, et al. Risk factors for neurologic complications of hand, foot and mouth disease in the Republic of Korea, 2009. J Korean Med Sci. 2013;28:120–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory-based enterovirus sentinel surveillance in Korea, 2010-2015. PHWR Public Health Wkly Rep. 2016;9:606–609. Korean.
   Google Scholar
• Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Clinical characteristics of hand, foot and mouth disease with complications in South Korea. PHWR Public Health Wkly Rep. 2015;8:298–303. Korean.
   Google Scholar
• Narchi H, Ghatasheh G, Hassani N, et al. Comparison of underlying factors behind parental refusal or consent for lumbar puncuture. World J Pediatr. 2013;9:336–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas KE, Hasbun R, Jekel J, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of Kernig’s sign, Brudzinski’s sign, and nuchal rigidity in adults with suspected meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;35:46–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Rahm SJ editors. Pediatric case studies for the paramedic. 1st. Sudbury (MA):Jones and Bartlett Publisher. 2006. 181–189.
   Google Scholar
• Han J, Wang Y, Gan X, et al. Serum cytokine profiles of children with human enterovirus 71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease. J Med Virol. 2014;86:1377–1385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn HS, Shin HY editors. Soagwahak [Korean textbook of Pediatrics]. 11th. Seoul:Miraen. 2016. A2–A14. Korean.
   Google Scholar
• Cramer CL, Patterson A, Alchakaki A, et al. Immunomodulatory indications of azithromycin in respiratory disease: a concise review for the clinician. Postgrad Med. 2017;129:493–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallieri M, Papaioannou AI, Papathanasiou E, et al. Predictors of response to therapy with omalizumab in patients with severe allergic asthma-a real life study. Postgrad Med. 2017;129:598–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohm I, Morelli J, Nairz K, et al. Myths and misconception concerning contrast media- induced anaphylaxis: a narrative review. Postgrad Med. 2017;129:259–266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papaioannou AI, Kostikas K, Bakakos P, et al. Predictors of future exacerbation risk in patients with asthma. Postgrad Med. 2016;128:687–692.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudduluru BM, Shah S, Shamah S, et al. TNF-alpha antagonist induced lupus on three different agents. Postgrad Med. 2017;129:304–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel KP, Bergelson JM. Receptors identified for hand, foot and mouth virus. Nat Med. 2009;15:728–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimura Y, Shimojima M, Tano Y, et al. Human P-selection glycoprotein ligand-1 is a functional receptor for enterovirus 71. Nat Med. 2009;15:794–797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinsky MR, Vincent JL, Deviere J, et al. Serum cytokine levels in human septic shock relation to multiple-system organ failure and mortality. Chest. 1993;103:565–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bone RC, Grodzin CJ, Balk RA. Sepsis: a new hypothesis for pathogenesis of the disease process. Chest. 1997;112:235–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard M, Muchamuel T, Andrade S, et al. Interleukin 10 protects mice from lethal endotoxemia. J Exp Med. 1993;177:1205–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheller J, Chalaris A, Schmidt-Arras D, et al. The pro- and anti-inflammatory properties of the cytokine interleukin-6. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011;1813:878–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries HE, Blom-Roosemalen MC, Van Oosten M, et al. The influence of cytokine on the integrity of the blood-brain barrier in vitro. J Neuroimmunol. 1996;64:37–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang SM, Lei HY, Liu CC. Cytokine immunopathogenesis of enterovirus 71 brainstem encephalitis. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:876241.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kumar R. Aseptic meningitis: diagnosis and management. Indian J Pediatr. 2005;72:57–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thomson J, Shah S. The nervous system: viral meningitis. In: Bope E, Kellerman R, editors. Conn’s current therapy. 1st ed. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier; 2017. p. 711–714.
   Google Scholar
• Howick J, Cals JW, Jones C, et al. Current and future use of point-of-care tests in primary care: an international survey in Australia, Belgium, The Netherlands, the UK and the USA. BMJ Open. 2014;4:e005611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfafflin A, Schleicher E. Inflammation markers in point-of-care testing (POCT). Anal Bioanal Chem. 2009;393:1473–1480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar