315
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Features - Review

Role of primary care physicians in intrathecal pain management: a narrative review of the literature

&
Pages 411-419 | Received 13 Feb 2018, Accepted 01 Mar 2018, Published online: 28 Mar 2018

References

  • Treede RD, Rief W, Barke A, et al. A classification of chronic pain for ICD-11. Pain. 2015;156:1003–1007.
  • Committee on Advancing Pain Research Care and Education, Institute of Medicine of the National Academies. Relieving pain in America: a blueprint for transforming prevention, care, education, and research. Washington (DC): The National Academies Press; 2011.
  • Nahin RL. Estimates of pain prevalence and severity in adults: United States, 2012. J Pain. 2015;16:769–780.
  • Kaye AD, Baluch A, Scott JT. Pain management in the elderly population: a review. Ochsner J. 2010;10:179–187.
  • Dowell D, Haegerich TM, Chou R. CDC guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain–United States, 2016. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2016;65:1–49.
  • Ripamonti CI, Bandieri E, Roila F. Management of cancer pain: ESMO clinical practice guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2011;22:vi69–vi77.
  • Benyamin R, Trescot AM, Datta S, et al. Opioid complications and side effects. Pain Physician. 2008;11:S105–S120.
  • Lee M, Silverman SM, Hansen H, et al. A comprehensive review of opioid-induced hyperalgesia. Pain Physician. 2011;14:145–161.
  • Center for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. prescribing rate maps.  Atlanta, GA: CDC; 2017.
  • Han B, Hedden SL, Kenneth J, et al. Behavioral health trends in the United States: results from the 2014 national survey on drug use and health. Rockville (MD): Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA); 2015 Sep. (no. HHS Publication No. SMA 15-4927).
  • Rudd RA, Aleshire N, Zibbell JE, et al. Increases in drug and opioid overdose deaths — United States, 2000-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;64:1378–1382.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prescription opioid overdose data. 2017 [cited 2017 Dec 1]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/drugoverdose/data/overdose.html
  • Manchikanti L, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Current state of opioid therapy and abuse. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2016;20:34.
  • US Food and Drug Administration. FDA requires strong warnings for opioid analgesics, prescription opioid cough products, and benzodiazepine labeling related to serious risks and death from combined use [news release]. 2016 [cited Feb 27]. Available from: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm518697.htm
  • Deer TR, Smith HS, Cousins M, et al. Consensus guidelines for the selection and implantation of patients with noncancer pain for intrathecal drug delivery. Pain Physician. 2010;13:E175–E213.
  • Deer TR, Caraway DL, Wallace MS. A definition of refractory pain to help determine suitability for device implantation. Neuromodulation. 2014;17:711–715.
  • Manchikanti L, Abdi S, Atluri S, et al. An update of comprehensive evidence-based guidelines for interventional techniques in chronic spinal pain. Part II: guidance and recommendations. Pain Physician. 2013;16:S49–283.
  • Falowski S, Sharan A. A review on spinal cord stimulation. J Neurosurg Sci. 2012;56:287–298.
  • Verrills P, Sinclair C, Barnard A. A review of spinal cord stimulation systems for chronic pain. J Pain Res. 2016;9:481–492.
  • MacKichan JJ, Doshi DH. Pharmacokinetic considerations for drug delivery. In: Desai A, Lee M, editors. Gibaldi’s drug delivery systems in pharmaceutical care. Bethesda (MD): American Society of Health-System Pharmacists®; 2007. p. 11–22.
  • Webster LR. The relationship between the mechanisms of action and safety profiles of intrathecal morphine and ziconotide: a review of the literature. Pain Med. 2015;16:1265–1277.
  • Hayek SM, Deer TR, Pope JE, et al. Intrathecal therapy for cancer and non-cancer pain. Pain Physician. 2011;14:219–248.
  • Pope JE, Deer TR. Intrathecal drug delivery for pain: a clinical guide and future directions. Pain Manag. 2015;5:175–183.
  • Bolash R, Mekhail N. Intrathecal pain pumps: indications, patient selection, techniques, and outcomes. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2014;25:735–742.
  • Infumorph 200, Infumorph 500 (preservative-free morphine sulfate sterile solution). Eatontown (NJ): West-Ward Pharmaceuticals; 2016.
  • Prialt (ziconotide) solution, intrathecal infusion. Palo Alto (CA): Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2013.
  • Breuer B, Cruciani R, Portenoy RK. Pain management by primary care physicians, pain physicians, chiropractors, and acupuncturists: a national survey. South Med J. 2010;103:738–747.
  • Upshur CC, Luckmann RS, Savageau JA. Primary care provider concerns about management of chronic pain in community clinic populations. J Gen Intern Med. 2006;21:652–655.
  • Anderson D, Wang S, Zlateva I. Comprehensive assessment of chronic pain management in primary care: a first phase of a quality improvement initiative at a multisite community health center. Qual Prim Care. 2012;20:421–433.
  • Levy B, Paulozzi L, Mack KA, et al. Trends in opioid analgesic-prescribing rates by specialty, U.S., 2007-2012. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49:409–413.
  • Bottros MM, Christo PJ. Current perspectives on intrathecal drug delivery. J Pain Res. 2014;7:615–626.
  • SYNCHROMED® ISOMED® implantable infusion systems. Minneapolis (MN): Medtronic, Inc.; 2016.
  • Prometra® II programmable pump for use with intrathecal catheter. Mount Olive (NJ): Flowonix Medical Inc.; 2012.
  • Upadhyay SP, Mallick PN. Intrathecal drug delivery system (IDDS) for cancer pain management: a review and updates. Am J Hosp Palliat Med. 2012;29:388–398.
  • US Department of Defense, US Department of Veterans Affairs. Indications for consultation and referral during opioid therapy. Silver Spring (MD); 2013.
  • New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services. Clinical practice guidance number 2012.2: guidance on referral to a pain or addiction specialist. 2012 cited Feb 27]. Available from: https://www.oasas.ny.gov/AdMed/recommend/guide2ref.cfm
  • Ray WA, Chung CP, Murray KT, et al. Prescription of long-acting opioids and mortality in patients with chronic noncancer pain. Jama. 2016;315:2415–2423.
  • Miller M, Barber CW, Leatherman S, et al. Prescription opioid duration of action and the risk of unintentional overdose among patients receiving opioid therapy. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:608–615.
  • Pope JE, Deer TR, Bruel BM, et al. Clinical uses of intrathecal therapy and its placement in the pain care algorithm. Pain Pract. 2016;16:1092–1106.
  • Deer T, Winkelmüller W, Erdine S, et al. Intrathecal therapy for cancer and nonmalignant pain: patient selection and patient management. Neuromodulation. 1999;2:55–66.
  • Bruel BM, Burton AW. Intrathecal therapy for cancer-related pain. Pain Med. 2016;12:2404–2421.
  • Deer TR, Pope JE, Hayek S, et al. The Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference (PACC): recommendations on intrathecal drug infusion systems best practices and guidelines. Neuromodulation. 2017;20:96–132.
  • Saulino M, Kim PS, Shaw E. Practical considerations and patient selection for intrathecal drug delivery in the management of chronic pain. J Pain Res. 2014;7:627–638.
  • Ahmed SU, Martin NM, Chang Y. Patient selection and trial methods for intraspinal drug delivery for chronic pain: a national survey. Neuromodulation. 2005;8:112–120.
  • Deer TR, Hayek S, Pope JE, et al. The Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference (PACC): recommendations for trialing of intrathecal drug delivery infusion therapy. Neuromodulation. 2017;20:133–154.
  • Deer TR, Pope JE, Hayek S, et al. The Polyanalgesic Consensus Conference (PACC): recommendations for intrathecal drug delivery: guidance for improving safety and mitigating risks. Neuromodulation. 2017;20:155–176.
  • Narouze S, Benzon HT, Provenzano DA, et al. Interventional spine and pain procedures in patients on antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications: guidelines from the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, the European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy, the American Academy of Pain Medicine, the International Neuromodulation Society, the North American Neuromodulation Society, and the World Institute of Pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2015;40:182–212.
  • Fleisher LA, Beckman JA, Brown KA, et al. ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for noncardiac surgery: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery). American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2002 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation for Noncardiac Surgery), American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology. Anesth Analg. 2008;106:685–712.
  • Kumar K, Rizvi S, Bishop S. Cost effectiveness of intrathecal drug therapy in management of chronic nonmalignant pain. Clin J Pain. 2013;29:138–145.
  • Dewilde S, Verdian L, Maclaine GD. Cost-effectiveness of ziconotide in intrathecal pain management for severe chronic pain patients in the UK. Curr Med Res Opin. 2009;25:2007–2019.
  • Kumar K, Hunter G, Demeria DD. Treatment of chronic pain by using intrathecal drug therapy compared with conventional pain therapies: a cost-effectiveness analysis. J Neurosurg. 2002;97:803–810.
  • Rauck RL, Cherry D, Boyer MF, et al. Long-term intrathecal opioid therapy with a patient-activated, implanted delivery system for the treatment of refractory cancer pain. J Pain. 2003;4:441–447.
  • Becker R, Jakob D, Uhle EI, et al. The significance of intrathecal opioid therapy for the treatment of neuropathic cancer pain conditions. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2000;75:16–26.
  • Winkelmüller M, Winkelmüller W. Long-term effects of continuous intrathecal opioid treatment in chronic pain of nonmalignant etiology. J Neurosurg. 1996;85:458–467.
  • Anderson VC, Burchiel KJ. A prospective study of long-term intrathecal morphine in the management of chronic nonmalignant pain. Neurosurgery. 1999;44:289–300.
  • Smith TJ, Staats PS, Deer T, et al. Randomized clinical trial of an implantable drug delivery system compared with comprehensive medical management for refractory cancer pain: impact on pain, drug-related toxicity, and survival. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:4040–4049.
  • Staats PS, Yearwood T, Charapata SG, et al. Intrathecal ziconotide in the treatment of refractory pain in patients with cancer or AIDS: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 2004;291:63–70.
  • Wallace MS, Charapata SG, Fisher R, et al. Intrathecal ziconotide in the treatment of chronic nonmalignant pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Neuromodulation. 2006;9:75–86.
  • Rauck RL, Wallace MS, Leong MS, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of intrathecal ziconotide in adults with severe chronic pain. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2006;31:393–406.
  • Deer T, Rauck RL, Kim P, et al. Effectiveness and safety of intrathecal ziconotide: Interim analysis of the Patient Registry of Intrathecal Ziconotide Management (PRIZM). Pain Pract. 2018;18:230–238.
  • Webster LR, Fisher R, Charapata S, et al. Long-term intrathecal ziconotide for chronic pain: an open-label study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2009;37:363–372.
  • Mohammed S, Brookes ME, Eldabe S. Ziconotide for severe neuropathic pain in metastatic breast cancer. J Pain Palliati Care Pharmacother. 2012;26:286–288.
  • Pope JE, Deer TR. Intrathecal pharmacology update: novel dosing strategy for intrathecal monotherapy ziconotide on efficacy and sustainability. Neuromodulation. 2015;18:414–420.
  • McDowell GC, Pope JE. Intrathecal ziconotide: dosing and administration strategies in patients with refractory chronic pain. Neuromodulation. 2016;19:522–532.
  • Staats PS. Complications of intrathecal therapy. Pain Med. 2008;9:S102–S107.
  • Naumann C, Erdine S, Koulousakis A, et al. Drug adverse events and system complications of intrathecal opioid delivery for pain: origins, detection, manifestations, and management. Neuromodulation. 1999;2:92–107.
  • Prager J, Deer T, Levy R, et al. Best practices for intrathecal drug delivery for pain. Neuromodulation. 2014;17:354–372.
  • Ruan X. Drug-related side effects of long-term intrathecal morphine therapy. Pain Physician. 2007;10:357–366.
  • Charapata SG, Ellis D. Unintentional overdose with intrathecal ziconotide. Pain Med. 2002;3:189–190.
  • Fisher R, Hassenbusch S, Krames E, et al. A consensus statement regarding the present suggested titration for prialt (ziconotide). Neuromodulation. 2005;8:153–154.
  • Stearns L, Boortz-Marx R, Du Pen S, et al. Intrathecal drug delivery for the management of cancer pain: a multidisciplinary consensus of best clinical practices. J Support Oncol. 2005;3:399–408.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.