Risk factors for latent tuberculosis infection in children in South Korea

References

• Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017 annual report on the notified tuberculosis in Korea. 7th ed. Cheongju (KR): Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Yim JJ. Achievements in and challenges of tuberculosis control in South Korea. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015;21:1913–1920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Revised national tuberculosis control programme in Korea. Public Health Wkly Rep. 2009;2:181–184.
   Google Scholar
• Go U, Park M, Kim UN, et al. Tuberculosis prevention and care in Korea: evolution of policy and practice. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis. 2018;11:28–36.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jeong YJ, Yoon S, Koo HK, et al. Positive tuberculin skin test or interferon-gamma release assay in patients with radiographic lesion suggesting old healed tuberculosis. J Korean Med Sci. 2012;27:761–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonnroth K, Migliori GB, Abubakar I, et al. Towards tuberculosis elimination: an action framework for low-incidence countries. Eur Respir J. 2015;45:928–952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rendon A, Fuentes Z, Torres-Duque CA, et al. Roadmap for tuberculosis elimination in Latin American and Caribbean countries: a strategic alliance. Eur Respir J. 2016;48:1282–1287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Guidelines on the management of latent tuberculosis infection. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 2015. p. 8–20.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Latent tuberculosis infection: updated and consolidated guidelines for programmatic management. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 2018. p. 1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson LJ, Wells CD. Global epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8:636–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posey DL, Naughton MP, Willacy EA, et al. Implementation of new TB screening requirements for U.S. - bound immigrants and refugees - 2007-2014. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63:234–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzies D. Screening immigrants to Canada for tuberculosis: chest radiography or tuberculin skin testing? CMAJ. 2003;169:1035–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joint Committee for the Revision of Korean Guidelines for Tuberculosis. Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis. In: Yang BK, editor. Korean guidelines for tuberculosis. 2nd ed. Cheongju (KR): Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2014. p. 179–183.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Guidance for national tuberculosis programmes on the management of tuberculosis in children. 2nd ed. Geneva (CH): World Health Organization; 2014. p. 115–117.
   Google Scholar
• Turnbull L, Bell C, Child F. Tuberculosis (NICE Clinical Guideline 33). Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2017;102:136–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berti E, Galli L, Venturini E, et al. Tuberculosis in childhood: a systematic review of national and international guidelines. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14 Suppl 1:S3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization Tuberculosis [Internet]. Tuberculosis country profiles. 2016 [cited 2018 Jul 30]. Available from: http://www.who.int/tb/country/data/profiles/en/
   Google Scholar
• The BCG World Atlas 2nd Edition [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2018 Jan 22]. Available from: http://www.bcgatlas.org/
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF Data: Monitoring the Situation of Children and Women [Internet]. Immunization country profiles. 2017 [cited 2018 Jan 22]. Available from:http://data.unicef.org/resources/immunization-country-profiles-2/
   Google Scholar
• Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National childhood vaccination coverage of children aged 1–3 years in the Republic of Korea, 2015. Public Health Wkly Rep. 2017;10:560–565.
   Google Scholar
• Frieze JB, Yadav RP, Sokhan K, et al. Examining the quality of childhood tuberculosis diagnosis in Cambodia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam Z, Sanin KI, Ahmed T. Improving case detection of tuberculosis among children in Bangladesh: lessons learned through an implementation research. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saiman L, Aronson J, Zhou J, et al. Prevalence of infectious diseases among internationally adopted children. Pediatrics. 2001;108:608–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange WR, Warnock-Eckhart E, Bean ME. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in foreign born adoptees. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1989;8:625–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montagnani C, Esposito S, Galli L, et al. Recommendations for pediatric tuberculosis vaccination in Italy. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2016;12:644–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colditz GA, Brewer TF, Berkey CS, et al. Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis. Meta-analysis of the published literature. JAMA. 1994;271:698–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenhut M, Paranjothy S, Abubakar I, et al. BCG vaccination reduces risk of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis as detected by gamma interferon release assay. Vaccine. 2009;27:6116–6120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syal K, Chakraborty S, Bhattacharyya R, et al. Combined inhalation and oral supplementation of vitamin A and vitamin D: a possible prevention and therapy for tuberculosis. Med Hypotheses. 2015;84:199–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eriksen J, Chow JY, Mellis V, et al. Protective effect of BCG vaccination in a nursery outbreak in 2009: time to reconsider the vaccination threshold? Thorax. 2010;65:1067–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Y, Zhao Q, Wu L, et al. Prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection and its risk factors in school children and adolescents in Shanghai, China. Eur J Public Health. 2013;23:1064–1069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Huang S, Jiang H, et al. The prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection in rural Jiangsu, China. Public Health. 2017;146:39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Zhang Y, Zheng H, et al. Genome sequencing and analysis of BCG vaccine strains. PLoS One. 2013;8:e71243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi SH, Song DJ, Yum HY, et al. Chronic cough in children. Allergy Asthma Respir Dis. 2016;4:235–247.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of childhood asthma in the Republic of Korea, 2015. Public Health Wkly Rep. 2016;9:26–30.
   Google Scholar
• Jick SS, Lieberman ES, Rahman MU, et al. Glucocorticoid use, other associated factors, and the risk of tuberculosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;55:19–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shailkh WA. Pulmonay tuberculosis in patients treated with inhaled beclomethasone. Allergy. 1992;47:327–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brassard P, Suissa S, Kezouh A, et al. Inhaled corticosteroid and risk of tuberculosis in patients with respiratory diseases. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183:675–678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CH, Kim K, Hyun MK, et al. Use of inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of tuberculosis. Thorax. 2013;68:1105–1113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni S, Fu Z, Zhao J, et al. Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and risk of mycobacterium in patients with chronic respiratory disease: a meta-analysis. J Thorac Dis. 2014;6:971–978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu AH, Covar RA, Spahn JD, et al. Childhood asthma. In: Kliegman RM, Stanton BF, St Geme JW, et al., editors. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. 20th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier; 2016. p. 1095–1115.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of the Interior and Safety [Internet]. Population statistics. 2018 [cited 2018 Jan 22]. Available from: http://www.mois.go.kr/frt/sub/a05/totStat/screen.do
   Google Scholar
• Moullan Y, Jusot F. Why is the ‘healthy immigrant effect’ different between European countries? Eur J Public Health. 2014;24 Suppl 1:80–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald JT, Kennedy S. Insights into the ‘healthy immigrant effect’: health status and health service use of immigrants to Canada. Soc Sci Med. 2004;59:1613–1627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farhat M, Greenaway C, Pai M, et al. False-positive tuberculin skin tests: what is the absolute effect of BCG and non-tuberculous mycobacteria? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2006;10:1192–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancuso JD, Mody RM, Olsen CH, et al. The long-term effect of Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccination on tuberculin skin testing: a 55-year follow-up study. Chest. 2017;152:282–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar