2,918
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Features - Review

A proposed anti-maladaptive aggression agent classification: improving our approach to treating impulsive aggression

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 129-137 | Received 02 Jul 2018, Accepted 17 Jan 2019, Published online: 14 Feb 2019

References

  • Gottlieb A, Stein GY, Ruppin E, et al. PREDICT: A method for inferring novel drug indications with application to personalized medicine. Mol Syst Biol. 2011;7:496.
  • Connor DF. Aggression and antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: research and treatment. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2002.
  • Bambauer KZ, Connor DF. Characteristics of aggression in clinically referred children. CNS Spectr. 2005 Sep;10(9):709–718.
  • Jensen PS, Youngstrom EA, Steiner H, et al. Consensus report on impulsive aggression as a symptom across diagnostic categories in child psychiatry: implications for medication studies. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Mar;46(3):309–322.
  • Saylor KE, Amann BH. Impulsive aggression as a comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016 Feb;26(1):19–25.
  • Felthous AR, Stanford MS. A proposed algorithm for the pharmacotherapy of impulsive aggression. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2015 Dec;43(4):456–467.
  • Knapp P, Chait A, Pappadopulos E, et al. Treatment of maladaptive aggression in youth: CERT guidelines i. Engagement, assessment, and management. Pediatrics. 2012 Jun;129(6):e1562–76.
  • Malone RP, Bennett DS, Luebbert JF, et al. Aggression classification and treatment response. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1998;34(1):41–45.
  • Vitiello B, Behar D, Hunt J, et al. Subtyping aggression in children and adolescents. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1990 Spring;2(2):189–192.
  • Raine A, Dodge K, Loeber R, et al. The reactive-proactive aggression questionnaire: differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggress Behav. 2006 Apr 01;32(2):159–171.
  • Bushman BJ, Anderson CA. Is it time to pull the plug on the hostile versus instrumental aggression dichotomy? Psychol Rev. 2001 Jan;108(1):273–279.
  • Marsee MA, Barry CT, Childs KK, et al. Assessing the forms and functions of aggression using self-report: factor structure and invariance of the Peer Conflict Scale in youths. Psychol Assess. 2011 Sep;23(3):792–804.
  • Barratt ES, Stanford MS, Dowdy L, et al. Impulsive and premeditated aggression: A factor analysis of self-reported acts. Psychiatry Res. 1999 May 31;86(2):163–173.
  • Connor DF. On the challenge of maladaptive and impulsive aggression in the clinical treatment setting. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016 Feb;26(1):2–3.
  • Blair RJ. The neurobiology of impulsive aggression. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016 Feb;26(1):4–9.
  • Bidzan L, Bidzan M, Pachalska M. Aggressive and impulsive behavior in Alzheimer’s disease and progression of dementia. Med Sci Monit. 2012 Mar;18(3):CR182–9.
  • James LM, Strom TQ, Leskela J. Risk-taking behaviors and impulsivity among veterans with and without PTSD and mild TBI. Mil Med. 2014 Apr;179(4):357–363.
  • Insel TR. The NIMH research domain criteria (RDoC) project: precision medicine for psychiatry. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Apr;171(4):395–397.
  • Cuthbert BN, Kozak MJ. Constructing constructs for psychopathology: the NIMH research domain criteria. J Abnorm Psychol. 2013 Aug;122(3):928–937.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.
  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
  • Krieger FV, Leibenluft E, Stringaris A, et al. Irritability in children and adolescents: past concepts, current debates, and future opportunities. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2013;35(Suppl 1):S32–9.
  • Axelson D, Findling RL, Fristad MA, et al. Examining the proposed disruptive mood dysregulation disorder diagnosis in children in the Longitudinal Assessment of Manic Symptoms study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Oct;73(10):1342–1350.
  • Lahey BB, Pelham WE, Stein MA, et al. Validity of DSM-IV attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder for younger children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998 Jul;37(7):695–702.
  • Applegate B, Lahey BB, Hart EL, et al. Validity of the age-of-onset criterion for ADHD: A report from the DSM-IV field trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1997 Sep;36(9):1211–1221.
  • Johnson VA, Kemp AH, Heard R, et al. Childhood- versus adolescent-onset antisocial youth with conduct disorder: psychiatric illness, neuropsychological and psychosocial function. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0121627.
  • Vidal-Ribas P, Brotman MA, Valdivieso I, et al. The status of irritability in psychiatry: A conceptual and quantitative review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016 Jul;55(7):556–570.
  • Jensen PS, Buitelaar J, Pandina GJ, et al. Management of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents with atypical antipsychotics: A systematic review of published clinical trials. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 Mar;16(2):104–120.
  • Aman MG, Bukstein OG, Gadow KD, et al. What does risperidone ADD to parent training and stimulant for severe aggression in child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014 Jan;53(1):47–60 e1.
  • Pappadopulos E, Macintyre JC, Crismon ML, et al. Treatment recommendations for the use of antipsychotics for aggressive youth (TRAAY). Part II. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003 Feb;42(2):145–161.
  • WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology. ATC/DDD index 2018. Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Institute of Public Health 2018 [cited 2017 Dec 20].
  • Schur SB, Sikich L, Findling RL, et al. Treatment recommendations for the use of antipsychotics for aggressive youth (TRAAY). Part I: A review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003 Feb;42(2):132–144.
  • Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Supernus receives FDA fast track designation for SPN-810 [news release]. Rockville, MD: Globe Newswire; 2014.
  • Comai S, Tau M, Pavlovic Z, et al. The psychopharmacology of aggressive behavior: A translational approach: part 2: clinical studies using atypical antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, and lithium. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Apr;32(2):237–260.
  • Tardy M, Huhn M, Kissling W, et al. Haloperidol versus low-potency first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Jul;9(7):CD009268.
  • Campbell M, Small AM, Green WH, et al. Behavioral efficacy of haloperidol and lithium carbonate. A comparison in hospitalized aggressive children with conduct disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984 Jul;41(7):650–656.
  • Khushu A, Powney MJ. Haloperidol for long-term aggression in psychosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Nov;27(11):CD009830.
  • Greenhill LL, Solomon M, Pleak R, et al. Molindone hydrochloride treatment of hospitalized children with conduct disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1985 Aug;46(8 Pt 2):20–25.
  • Stocks JD, Taneja BK, Baroldi P, et al. A phase 2a randomized, parallel group, dose-ranging study of molindone in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and persistent, serious conduct problems. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2012 Apr;22(2):102–111.
  • Glazer WM, Hafez HM, Benarroche CL. Molindone and haloperidol in tardive dyskinesia. J Clin Psychiatry. 1985 Aug;46(8 Pt 2):4–7.
  • Scotto Rosato N, Correll CU, Pappadopulos E, et al. Treatment of maladaptive aggression in youth: CERT guidelines II. Treatments and ongoing management. Pediatrics. 2012 Jun;129(6):e1577–86.
  • Armenteros JL, Lewis JE, Davalos M. Risperidone augmentation for treatment-resistant aggression in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A placebo-controlled pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007 May;46(5):558–565.
  • Aman MG, Binder C, Turgay A. Risperidone effects in the presence/absence of psychostimulant medicine in children with ADHD, other disruptive behavior disorders, and subaverage IQ. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004 Summer;14(2):243–254.
  • Owen R, Sikich L, Marcus RN, et al. Aripiprazole in the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autistic disorder. Pediatrics. 2009 Dec;124(6):1533–1540.
  • Kronenberger WG, Giauque AL, Lafata DE, et al. Quetiapine addition in methylphenidate treatment-resistant adolescents with comorbid ADHD, conduct/oppositional-defiant disorder, and aggression: A prospective, open-label study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2007 Jun;17(3):334–347.
  • Krakowski MI, Czobor P, Citrome L, et al. Atypical antipsychotic agents in the treatment of violent patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 Jun;63(6):622–629.
  • Findling RL, Townsend L, Brown NV, et al. The Treatment of Severe Childhood Aggression study: 12 weeks of extended, blinded treatment in clinical responders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2017 Feb;27(1):52–65.
  • Gadow KD, Brown NV, Arnold LE, et al. Severely aggressive children receiving stimulant medication versus stimulant and risperidone: 12-month follow-up of the TOSCA trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016 Jun;55(6):469–478.
  • van Schalkwyk GI, Beyer C, Johnson J, et al. Antipsychotics for aggression in adults: A meta-analysis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2018 Feb;81:452–458.
  • Findling RL, McBurnett K, White C, et al. Guanfacine extended release adjunctive to a psychostimulant in the treatment of comorbid oppositional symptoms in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2014 Jun;24(5):245–252.
  • Pringsheim T, Hirsch L, Gardner D, et al. The pharmacological management of oppositional behaviour, conduct problems, and aggression in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Part 2: antipsychotics and traditional mood stabilizers. Can J Psychiatry. 2015 Feb;60(2):52–61.
  • Lam RP, Yip WL, Wan CK, et al. Dexmedetomidine use in the ED for control of methamphetamine-induced agitation. Am J Emerg Med. 2017 Apr;35(4):665 e1–665 e4.
  • Connor DF, Barkley RA, Davis HT. A pilot study of methylphenidate, clonidine, or the combination in ADHD comorbid with aggressive oppositional defiant or conduct disorder. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2000 Jan;39(1):15–25.
  • Ming X, Gordon E, Kang N, et al. Use of clonidine in children with autism spectrum disorders. Brain Dev. 2008 Aug;30(7):454–460.
  • Hammond FM, Bickett AK, Norton JH, et al. Effectiveness of amantadine hydrochloride in the reduction of chronic traumatic brain injury irritability and aggression. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2014 Sep-Oct;29(5):391–399.
  • Hammond FM, Malec JF, Zafonte RD, et al. Potential impact of amantadine on aggression in chronic traumatic brain injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2017 Sep/Oct;32(5):308–318.
  • Wilcock GK, Ballard CG, Cooper JA, et al. Memantine for agitation/aggression and psychosis in moderately severe to severe Alzheimer’s disease: A pooled analysis of 3 studies. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Mar;69(3):341–348.
  • Keats MM, Mukherjee S. Antiaggressive effect of adjunctive clonazepam in schizophrenia associated with seizure disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 1988 Mar;49(3):117–118.
  • Conners CK, Casat CD, Gualtieri CT, et al. Bupropion hydrochloride in attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996 Oct;35(10):1314–1321.
  • Lara DR, Cruz MR, Xavier F, et al. Allopurinol for the treatment of aggressive behaviour in patients with dementia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2003 Jan;18(1):53–55.
  • Lara DR, Belmonte-de-Abreu P, Souza DO. Allopurinol for refractory aggression and self-inflicted behaviour. J Psychopharmacol. 2000 Mar;14(1):81–83.
  • Vartiainen H, Tiihonen J, Putkonen A, et al. Citalopram, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, in the treatment of aggression in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1995 May;91(5):348–351.
  • Jones RM, Arlidge J, Gillham R, et al. Efficacy of mood stabilisers in the treatment of impulsive or repetitive aggression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2011 Feb;198(2):93–98.
  • Hazell PL, Stuart JE. A randomized controlled trial of clonidine added to psychostimulant medication for hyperactive and aggressive children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003 Aug;42(8):886–894.
  • MTA. A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999;56(12):1073–1086.
  • Bain L, Stroud C. Enabling discovery, development, and translation of treatments for cognitive dysfunction in depression: workshop summary. Washington (DC) 2015. eng.
  • Blader JC, Schooler NR, Jensen PS, et al. Adjunctive divalproex versus placebo for children with ADHD and aggression refractory to stimulant monotherapy. Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Dec;166(12):1392–1401.
  • Steiner H, Petersen ML, Saxena K, et al. Divalproex sodium for the treatment of conduct disorder: A randomized controlled clinical trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2003 Oct;64(10):1183–1191.
  • Hollander E, Allen A, Lopez RP, et al. A preliminary double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of divalproex sodium in borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001 Mar;62(3):199–203.
  • Hollander E, Chaplin W, Soorya L, et al. Divalproex sodium vs placebo for the treatment of irritability in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2010 Mar;35(4):990–998.
  • Hollander E, Tracy KA, Swann AC, et al. Divalproex in the treatment of impulsive aggression: efficacy in cluster B personality disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Jun;28(6):1186–1197.
  • Mattes JA. Oxcarbazepine in patients with impulsive aggression: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005 Dec;25(6):575–579.
  • Stanford MS, Houston RJ, Mathias CW, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study of phenytoin in individuals with impulsive aggression. Psychiatry Res. 2001 Sep 20;103(2–3):193–203.
  • Barratt ES, Stanford MS, Felthous AR, et al. The effects of phenytoin on impulsive and premeditated aggression: A controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997 Oct;17(5):341–349.
  • New AS, Buchsbaum MS, Hazlett EA, et al. Fluoxetine increases relative metabolic rate in prefrontal cortex in impulsive aggression. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Nov;176(3–4):451–458.
  • Barzman DH, Findling RL. Pharmacological treatment of pathologic aggression in children. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2008 Apr;20(2):151–157.
  • Patel BD, Barzman DH. Pharmacology and pharmacogenetics of pediatric ADHD with associated aggression: A review. Psychiatr Q. 2013 Dec;84(4):407–415.
  • Ward F, Tharian P, Roy M, et al. Efficacy of beta blockers in the management of problem behaviours in people with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review. Res Dev Disabil. 2013 Dec;34(12):4293–4303.
  • Zanarini MC, Frankenburg FR, Parachini EA. A preliminary, randomized trial of fluoxetine, olanzapine, and the olanzapine-fluoxetine combination in women with borderline personality disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2004 Jul;65(7):903–907.
  • Armenteros JL, Lewis JE. Citalopram treatment for impulsive aggression in children and adolescents: an open pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002 May;41(5):522–529.
  • McGuire K, Fung LK, Hagopian L, et al. Irritability and problem behavior in autism spectrum disorder: A practice pathway for pediatric primary care. Pediatrics. 2016 Feb;137(Suppl 2):S136–S148.
  • Adewole T, Brittain ST, Johnson JK, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of extended-release molindone (SPN-810) to manage impulsive aggression (IA) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Poster presented at: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; October 24–29; New York, NY: Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2016.
  • Adewole T, Brittain ST, Johnson JK, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of extended-release molindone (SPN-810) to manage impulsive aggression (IA) in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Poster presented at: American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology; May 29-Jun 2; Miami, FL: Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2017.
  • Blair RJ. The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. Brain Cogn. 2004 Jun;55(1):198–208.
  • Haller J. The neurobiology of abnormal manifestations of aggression–A review of hypothalamic mechanisms in cats, rodents, and humans. Brain Res Bull. 2013 Apr;93:97–109.
  • Bagnall A, Fenton M, Kleijnen J, et al. Molindone for schizophrenia and severe mental illness. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jan;24(1):CD002083.
  • Moban (molindone hydrochloride tablets, USP) prescribing information. Chadds Ford, PA: Endo Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2009.
  • Department of Health and Human Services. Food and Drug Administration. Determination that Moban (molindone hydrochloride) tablets (5 milligrams, 10 milligrams, 25 milligrams, 50 milligrams, and 100 milligrams) and capsules (5 milligrams, 10 milligrams, and 25 milligrams) were not withdrawn from sale for reasons of safety or effectiveness. Federal Register. 2013;78(215):66742–66743.
  • Brittain ST, Stocks JD, Johnson JK, et al. Adjunctive extended-release molindone (SPN-810) to manage impulsive aggression in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) receiving optimized stimulant monotherapy and behavioral therapy. Poster presented at: American Academy of Neurology; April 15–21; Vancouver, BC, Canada: Supernus Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; 2016.
  • Yu C, Gopalakrishnan G. In vitro pharmacological characterization of SPN-810M (molindone). J Exp Pharmacol. 2018 Nov;10:65–73.
  • Seo D, Patrick CJ, Kennealy PJ. Role of serotonin and dopamine system interactions in the neurobiology of impulsive aggression and its comorbidity with other clinical disorders. Aggress Violent Behav. 2008 Oct;13(5):383–395.
  • Sikich L, Frazier JA, McClellan J, et al. Double-blind comparison of first- and second-generation antipsychotics in early-onset schizophrenia and schizo-affective disorder: findings from the Treatment of Early-Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS) study. Am J Psychiatry. 2008 Nov;165(11):1420–1431.
  • Lee R, Arfanakis K, Evia AM, et al. White matter integrity reductions in intermittent explosive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2016 Oct;41(11):2697–2703.