Estimate of reduced glomerular filtration rate by triglyceride-glucose index: insights from a general Chinese population

References

• Webster A, Nagler E, Morton R, et al. Chronic kidney disease. Lancet. 2017;389(10075):1238–1252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang L, Wang F, Wang L, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in China: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet. 2012;379(9818):815–822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz B, Miskulin D, Zager P. Epidemiology of hypertension in CKD. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2015;22(2):88–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey A, Astor B, Stevens L, et al. Chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and hypertension: what’s in a name? Kidney Int. 2010;78(1):19–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gnudi L, Coward RJM, Long DA. Diabetic nephropathy: perspective on novel molecular mechanisms. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2016;27(11):820–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R. Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am J Physiol. 1979;237(3):E214–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muniyappa R, Lee S, Chen H, et al. Current approaches for assessing insulin sensitivity and resistance in vivo: advantages, limitations, and appropriate usage. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008;294(1):E15–E26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simental-Mendía LE, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. The product of fasting glucose and triglycerides as surrogate for identifying insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2008;6(4):299–304.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guerrero-Romero F, Simental-Mendia LE, Gonzalez-Ortiz M, et al. The product of triglycerides and glucose, a simple measure of insulin sensitivity. Comparison with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(7):3347–3351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasques ACJ, Novaes FS, de Oliveira M, et al. TyG index performs better than HOMA in a Brazilian population: A hyperglycemic clamp validated study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;93(3):e98–e100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simental-Mendia LE, Hernandez-Ronquillo G, Gomez-Diaz R, et al. The triglycerides and glucose index is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in normal-weight children and adolescents. Pediatr Res. 2017;82(6):920–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Inigo L, Navarro-Gonzalez D, Fernandez-Montero A, et al. The TyG index may predict the development of cardiovascular events. Eur J Clin Invest. 2016;46(2):189–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro-Gonzalez D, Sanchez-Inigo L, Pastrana-Delgado J, et al. Triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) in comparison with fasting plasma glucose improved diabetes prediction in patients with normal fasting glucose: the vascular-metabolic CUN cohort. Prev Med. 2016;86:99–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou BF. Predictive values of body mass index and waist circumference for risk factors of certain related diseases in Chinese adults–study on optimal cut-off points of body mass index and waist circumference in Chinese adults. Biomed Environ Sci. 2002;15(1):83–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levey A, Stevens L, Schmid C, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, et al. evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8). Jama. 2014;311(5):507–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus.Report of the expert committee on the diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 1997;20(7):1183–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pencina M, D’Agostino R, Steyerberg E. Extensions of net reclassification improvement calculations to measure usefulness of new biomarkers. Stat Med. 2011;30(1):11–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pencina MJ, D’ Agostino RB, D’ Agostino RB, et al. Evaluating the added predictive ability of a new marker: from area under the ROC curve to reclassification and beyond. Stat Med. 2008;27(2):157–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinohara K. Insulin resistance as an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in patients with end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(7):1894–1900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dave N, Wu J, Thomas S. Chronic kidney disease-induced insulin resistance: current state of the field. Curr Diab Rep. 2018;18(7):44–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker B. Renal insulin resistance syndrome, adiponectin and cardiovascular events in patients with kidney disease: the mild and moderate kidney disease study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16(4):1091–1098.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fliser D, Pacini G, Engelleiter R, et al. Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia are already present in patients with incipient renal disease. Kidney Int. 1998;53(5):1343–1347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeFronzo R, Alvestrand A, Smith D, et al. Insulin resistance in uremia. J Clin Invest. 1981;67(2):563–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobayashi S, Maesato K, Moriya H, et al. Insulin resistance in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;45(2):275–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landau M, Kurella-Tamura M, Shlipak MG, et al. Correlates of insulin resistance in older individuals with and without kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2011;26(9):2814–2819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fragoso A, Mendes F, Silva AP, et al. Insulin resistance as a predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and end-stage renal disease. J Diabetes Complicat. 2015;29(8):1098–1104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akchurin OM, Kaskel F. Update on inflammation in chronic kidney disease. Blood Purif. 2015;39(1–3):84–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoelson SE, Lee J, Goldfine AB. Inflammation and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(7):1793–1801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radziuk J. Insulin sensitivity and its measurement: structural commonalities among the methods. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(12):4426–4433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace TM, Levy JC, Matthews DR. Use and abuse of HOMA modeling. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(6):1487–1495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewang-Emukowhate M, Perera D, Wierzbicki A. Dyslipidaemia related to insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease in South Asian and West African populations. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(40):6270–6275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks JD, Sparks CE, Adeli K. Selective hepatic insulin resistance, VLDL overproduction, and hypertriglyceridemia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32(9):2104–2112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikhail N. The metabolic syndrome: insulin resistance. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2009;11(2):156–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen MD, Caruso M, Heiling V, et al. Insulin regulation of lipolysis in nondiabetic and IDDM subjects. Diabetes. 1989;38(12):1595–1601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet. 2005;365(9468):1415–1428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riediger ND, Clark K, Lukianchuk V, et al. Fasting triglycerides as a predictor of incident diabetes, insulin resistance and β-cell function in a Canadian First Nation. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2017;76(1):1310444.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boursier G, Sultan A, Molinari N, et al. Triglycerides and glycated hemoglobin for screening insulin resistance in obese patients. Clin Biochem. 2018;53:8–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han T, Cheng Y, Tian S, et al. Changes in triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol may precede peripheral insulin resistance, with 2-h insulin partially mediating this unidirectional relationship: a prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2016;15(1):154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stringer DM, Zahradka P, Taylor CG. Glucose transporters: cellular links to hyperglycemia in insulin resistance and diabetes. Nutr Rev. 2015;73(3):140–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen KL, Ariano D, Fedorak RN. Insulin downregulates diabetic-enhanced intestinal glucose transport rapidly in ileum and slowly in jejunum. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1996;74(12):1294–1301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabatabai NM, Sharma M, Blumenthal SS, et al. Enhanced expressions of sodium-glucose cotransporters in the kidneys of diabetic Zucker rats. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2009;83(1):e27–e30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kozka IJ, Clark AE, Holman GD. Chronic treatment with insulin selectively down-regulates cell-surface GLUT4 glucose transporters in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 1991;266(18):11726–11731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores-Riveros JR, McLenithan JC, Ezaki O, et al. Insulin down-regulates expression of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) gene: effects on transcription and mRNA turnover. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993;90(2):512–516.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King PA, Horton ED, Hirshman MF, et al. Insulin resistance in obese Zucker rat (fa/fa) skeletal muscle is associated with a failure of glucose transporter translocation. J Clin Invest. 1992;90(4):1568–1575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yki-Jarvinen H. Glucose toxicity. Endocr Rev. 1992;13(3):415–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makimattila S, Virkamaki A, Groop PH, et al. Chronic hyperglycemia impairs endothelial function and insulin sensitivity via different mechanisms in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 1996;94(6):1276–1282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee Y, Fluckey JD, Chakraborty S, et al. Hyperglycemia- and hyperinsulinemia-induced insulin resistance causes alterations in cellular bioenergetics and activation of inflammatory signaling in lymphatic muscle. Faseb J. 2017;31(7):2744–2759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook NR. Use and misuse of the receiver operating characteristic curve in risk prediction. Circulation. 2007;115(7):928–935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickering JW, Endre ZH. New metrics for assessing diagnostic potential of candidate biomarkers. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7(8):1355–1364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepe MS, Janes H, Longton G, et al. Limitations of the odds ratio in gauging the performance of a diagnostic, prognostic, or screening marker. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(9):882–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunkemeier GL, Jin R. Net reclassification index: measuring the incremental value of adding a new risk factor to an existing risk model. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;99(2):388–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar