1,563
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical Focus: Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nephrology - Review

Dipstick analysis of urine chemistry: benefits and limitations of dry chemistry-based assays

, , , , &
Pages 225-233 | Received 05 Aug 2019, Accepted 09 Oct 2019, Published online: 19 Oct 2019

References

  • Pitts RF. Physiology of the kidney and body fluids: an introductory text. 3rd revised ed. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers; 1974.
  • Hall JE. Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology. 13th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2016.
  • Haber MH. Pisse prophecy: a brief history of urinalysis. Clin Lab Med. 1988;8:415–430.
  • Echeverry G, Hortin GL, Rai AJ. Introduction to urinalysis: historical perspectives and clinical application. Methods Mol Biol. 2010;641:1–12.
  • Delanghe JR, Speeckaert MM. Preanalytics in urinalysis. Clin Biochem. 2016;49:1346–1350.
  • Dolscheid-Pommerich RC, Klarmann-Schulz U, Conrad R, et al. Evaluation of the appropriate time period between sampling and analyzing for automated urinalysis. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2016;26:82–89.
  • LaRocco MT, Franek J, Leibach EK, et al. Effectiveness of preanalytic practices on contamination and diagnostic accuracy of urine cultures: a laboratory medicine best practices systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2016;29:105–147.
  • Wilson ML, Gaido L. Laboratory diagnosis of urinary tract infections in adult patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:1150–1158.
  • Lifshitz E, Kramer L. Outpatient urine culture: does collection technique matter? Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:2537–2540.
  • Frazee BW, Frausto K, Cisse B, et al. Urine collection in the emergency department: what really happens in there? West J Emerg Med. 2012;13:401–405.
  • Huttaus H, Martinez G, Coogan H, et al. Stability of Raman chemical signature of urine following microfiltration. In Preparation. 2019.
  • Senger RS, Du P, De la Torre Campos D, et al. Assessment of urine specimen storage conditions using Raman Chemometric Urinalysis™ (Rametrix™). Submitted. Peer J. 2019.
  • Delanghe J, Speeckaert M. Preanalytical requirements of urinalysis. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2014;89–104.
  • Sureda-Vives M, Morell-Garcia D, Rubio-Alaejos A, et al. Stability of serum, plasma and urine osmolality in different storage conditions: relevance of temperature and centrifugation. Clin Biochem. 2017;50:772–776.
  • Herrington W, Illingworth N, Staplin N, et al. Effect of processing delay and storage conditions on urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;11:1794–1801.
  • Rotter M, Brandmaier S, Prehn C, et al. Stability of targeted metabolite profiles of urine samples under different storage conditions. Metabolomics. 2017;13:4.
  • Ercan M, Akbulut ED, Abuşoğlu S, et al. Stability of urine specimens stored with and without preservatives at room temperature and on ice prior to urinalysis. Clin Biochem. 2015;48:919–922.
  • Fogazzi GB, Verdesca S, Garigali G. Urinalysis: core curriculum 2008. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51:1052–1067.
  • Pugia MJ. Technology behind diagnostic reagent strips. Lab Med. 2000;31:92–96.
  • Penders J, Fiers T, Delanghe JR. Quantitative evaluation of urinalysis test strips. Clin Chem. 2002;48:2236–2241.
  • Decavele A-SC, Fiers T, Penders J, et al. A sensitive quantitative test strip based point-of-care albuminuria screening assay. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2012;50:673–678.
  • Delanghe JR, Himpe J, De Cock N, et al. Sensitive albuminuria analysis using dye binding based test strips. Clin Chim Acta. 2017;471:107–112.
  • Oyaert MN, Himpe J, Speeckaert MM, et al. Quantitative urine test strip reading for leukocyte esterase and hemoglobin peroxidase. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56:1126–1132.
  • Salinas M, López-Garrigós M, Flores E, et al. Urinary albumin strip assay as a screening test to replace quantitative technology in certain conditions. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;57:204–209.
  • Oyaert M, Delanghe J. Progress in automated urinalysis. Ann Lab Med. 2019;39:15–22.
  • Smith GT, Dwork N, Khan SA, et al. Robust dipstick urinalysis using a low-cost, micro-volume slipping manifold and mobile phone platform. Lab Chip. 2016;16:2069–2078.
  • Pirkle JL, Palavecino EL, Freedman BI. Lactobacillus species can cause a false-positive test for hematuria on dipstick urinalysis. Am J Med. 2013;126:e3–4.
  • Simerville JA, Maxted WC, Pahira JJ. Urinalysis: a comprehensive review. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:1153–1162.
  • Vlasova II. Peroxidase activity of human hemoproteins: keeping the fire under control. Molecules. 2018;23. Article number: 2561.
  • Veerreddy P. Hemoglobinuria misidentified as hematuria: review of discolored urine and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Clin Med Insights Blood Disord. 2013;6:7–17.
  • Carroll MF, Temte JL. Proteinuria in adults: a diagnostic approach. AFP. 2000;62:1333–1340.
  • Ramakrishnan N, Jialal I. Bence-Jones Protein. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL):StatPearls Publishing; 2019. [cited 2019 Sep 29]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541035/
  • Fine LG, Salehmoghaddam S. Proteinuria. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations [Internet]. 3rd ed. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Chapter 192. p. 872-873. [cited 2019 Sep 29]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK705/
  • Mundt LA, Graff L, Shanahan K. Graff’s textbook of routine urinalysis and body fluids. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Health; 2011.
  • Chertack MM, Sherrick JC. Evaluation of a nitroprusside dip test for ketone bodies. J Am Med Assoc. 1958;167:1621–1624.
  • Taboulet P, Haas L, Porcher R, et al. Urinary acetoacetate or capillary beta hydroxybutyrate for the diagnosis of ketoacidosis in the emergency department setting. Eur J Emerg Med. 2004;11:251–258.
  • Howard RD, Bokhari SRA. Alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA). StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2019 [cited 2019 Sep 29]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430922/
  • Bektas F, Eray O, Sari R, et al. Point of care blood ketone testing of diabetic patients in the emergency department. Endocr Res. 2004;30:395–402.
  • Lewandrowski E-L, Yeh S, Baron J, et al. Implementation of point-of-care testing in a general internal medicine practice: a confirmation study. Clin Chim Acta. 2017;473:71–74.
  • Abel G. Current status and future prospects of point-of-care testing around the globe. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2015;15:853–855.
  • Jang JY, Shin SD, Lee EJ, et al. Use of a comprehensive metabolic panel point-of-care test to reduce length of stay in the emergency department: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2013;61:145–151.
  • van Delft S, Goedhart A, Spigt M, et al. Prospective, observational study comparing automated and visual point-of-care urinalysis in general practice. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e011230.
  • Yusuf E, Van Herendael B, van Schaeren J. Performance of urinalysis tests and their ability in predicting results of urine cultures: a comparison between automated test strip analyser and flow cytometry in various subpopulations and types of samples. J Clin Pathol. 2017;70:631–636.
  • Susianti H. Auto-identification of discrepancies between urine test strip and sediment results using cross check function on fully automated urine analyzer. InternClin Path J. [Internet]. 2015;1. [cited 2019 Mar 21]. Available from: http://medcraveonline.com/ICPJL/ICPJL-01-00020.php
  • Sekhar DL, Wang L, Hollenbeak CS, et al. A cost-effectiveness analysis of screening urine dipsticks in well-child care. Pediatrics. 2010;125:660–663.
  • Chemstrip 9® strips use for glucose and ketones - 100 each [Internet]. Walmart.com. [cited 2019 Apr 20]. Available from: http:////ip/Chemstrip-9®-Strips-Use-For-Glucose-And-Ketones-100-Ea/47770344
  • Tests to measure kidney function, damage and detect abnormalities [Internet]. National Kidney Foundation. 2016 [cited 2019 Oct 5]. Available from: https://www.kidney.org/atoz/content/kidneytests
  • Devillé WLJM, Yzermans JC, van Duijn NP, et al. The urine dipstick test useful to rule out infections. A meta-analysis of the accuracy. BMC Urol. 2004;4:4.
  • Hooton TM, Roberts PL, Cox ME, et al. Voided midstream urine culture and acute cystitis in premenopausal women. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1883–1891.
  • Huysal K, Budak YU, Karaca AU, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of UriSed® automated urine microscopic sediment analyzer and dipstick parameters in predicting urine culture test results. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2013;23:211–217.
  • Glissmeyer EW, Korgenski EK, Wilkes J, et al. Dipstick screening for urinary tract infection in febrile infants. Pediatrics. 2014;133:e1121–1127.
  • Pallin DJ, Ronan C, Montazeri K, et al. Urinalysis in acute care of adults: pitfalls in testing and interpreting results. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014;1:ofu019.
  • Frazee BW, Enriquez K, Ng V, et al. Abnormal urinalysis results are common, regardless of specimen collection technique, in women without urinary tract infections. J Emerg Med. 2015;48:706–711.
  • Ginting F, Sugianli AK, Kusumawati RL, et al. Predictive value of the urinary dipstick test in the management of patients with urinary tract infection-associated symptoms in primary care in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e023051.
  • Witte EC, Lambers Heerspink HJ, de Zeeuw D, et al. First morning voids are more reliable than spot urine samples to assess microalbuminuria. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;20:436–443.
  • Yeoh M, Lai NK, Anderson D, et al. Macroscopic haematuria – a urological approach. Aust Fam Physician. 2013;42:123–126.
  • Hicks D, Li C. Management of macroscopic haematuria in the emergency department. Emerg Med J. 2007;24:385–390.
  • Mohr DN, Offord KP, Owen RA, et al. Asymptomatic microhematuria and urologic disease. A population-based study. JAMA. 1986;256:224–229.
  • Woolhandler S, Pels RJ, Bor DH, et al. Dipstick urinalysis screening of asymptomatic adults for urinary tract disorders. I. Hematuria and proteinuria. JAMA. 1989;262:1214–1219.
  • Nielsen M, Qaseem A. High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians. Hematuria as a marker of occult urinary tract cancer: advice for high-value care from the American College of Physicians. Ann Int Med. 2016;164:488–497.
  • Brown DD, Reidy KJ. Approach to the child with hematuria. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2019;66:15–30.
  • Matulewicz RS, DeLancey JO, Pavey E, et al. Dipstick urinalysis as a test for microhematuria and occult bladder cancer. Bladder Cancer. 2017;3:45–49.
  • Kazi SN, Benz RL. Work-up of hematuria. Prim Care. 2014;41:737–748.
  • Bolenz C, Schröppel B, Eisenhardt A, et al. The investigation of hematuria. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2018;115:801–807.
  • Brown RS. Hematuria as a marker of occult urinary tract cancer. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165:601.
  • Lambers Heerspink HJ, Gansevoort RT, Brenner BM, et al. Comparison of different measures of urinary protein excretion for prediction of renal events. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21:1355–1360.
  • Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Ganeva M, et al. Impact of blood pressure control and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy on new-onset microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes: a post hoc analysis of the BENEDICT trial. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:3472–3481.
  • Jun M, Ohkuma T, Zoungas S, et al. Changes in albuminuria and the risk of major clinical outcomes in diabetes: results from ADVANCE-ON. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:163–170.
  • Nagrebetsky A, Jin J, Stevens R, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of urine dipstick testing in screening for microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes: a cohort study in primary care. Fam Pract. 2013;30:142–152.
  • Wu H-Y, Peng Y-S, Chiang C-K, et al. Diagnostic performance of random urine samples using albumin concentration vs ratio of albumin to creatinine for microalbuminuria screening in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:1108–1115.
  • Zeller A, Haehner T, Battegay E, et al. Diagnostic significance of transferrinuria and albumin-specific dipstick testing in primary care patients with elevated office blood pressure. J Hum Hypertens. 2005;19:205–209.
  • Ito S, Yoshida M. Protein-bound uremic toxins: new culprits of cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease patients. Toxins (Basel). 2014;6:665–678.
  • Krogsbøll LT. Guidelines for screening with urinary dipsticks differ substantially – a systematic review. Dan Med J. 2014;61:A4781.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.