Mechanisms and mode of action of spinal cord stimulation in chronic neuropathic pain

References

• Huygen F, Kallewaard JW, van Tulder M, et al. “Evidence-based interventional pain medicine according to clinical diagnoses”: update 2018. Pain Pract. 2019;19(6):664–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shealy CN, Mortimer JT, Reswick JB. Electrical inhibition of pain by stimulation of the dorsal columns: preliminary clinical report. Anesth Analg. 1967;46(4):489–491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melzack R, Wall PD. Pain mechanisms: a new theory. Science. 1965;150(3699):971–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linderoth B, Stiller CO, Gunasekera L, et al. Gamma-aminobutyric acid is released in the dorsal horn by electrical spinal cord stimulation: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. Neurosurgery. 1994;34(3):484–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen S, Gerard S, Raijmakers M, et al. Decreased intracellular GABA levels contribute to spinal cord stimulation-induced analgesia in rats suffering from painful peripheral neuropathy: the role of KCC2 and GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition. Neurochem Int. 2012;60(1):21–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui JG, O’Connor WT, Ungerstedt U, et al. Spinal cord stimulation attenuates augmented dorsal horn release of excitatory amino acids in mononeuropathy via a GABAergic mechanism. Pain. 1997;73(1):87–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saadé NE, Barchini J, Tchachaghian S, et al. The role of the dorsolateral funiculi in the pain relieving effect of spinal cord stimulation: a study in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Exp Brain Res. 2015;233(4):1041–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lind G, Meyerson BA, Winter J, et al. Intrathecal baclofen as adjuvant therapy to enhance the effect of spinal cord stimulation in neuropathic pain: a pilot study. Eur J Pain. 2004;8(4):377–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saadé NE, Tabet MS, Banna NR, et al. Inhibition of nociceptive evoked activity in spinal neurons through a dorsal column-brainstem-spinal loop. Brain Res. 1985;339(1):115–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stančák A, Kozák J, Vrba I, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging of cerebral activation during spinal cord stimulation in failed back surgery syndrome patients. Eur J Pain. 2008;12(2):137–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ossipov MH, Dussor GO, Porreca F. Central modulation of pain. J Clin Invest. 2010;120(11):3779–3787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song Z, Ansah OB, Meyerson BA, et al. The rostroventromedial medulla is engaged in the effects of spinal cord stimulation in a rodent model of neuropathic pain. Neuroscience. 2013;247:134–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song Z, Ultenius C, Meyerson BA, et al. Pain relief by spinal cord stimulation involves serotonergic mechanisms: an experimental study in a rat model of mononeuropathy. Pain. 2009;147(1–3):241–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tazawa T, Kamiya Y, Kobayashi A, et al. Spinal cord stimulation modulates supraspinal centers of the descending antinociceptive system in rats with unilateral spinal nerve injury. Mol Pain. 2015;11:36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prabhala T, Sabourin S, DiMarzio M, et al. Duloxetine improves spinal cord stimulation outcomes for chronic pain. Neuromodulation. 2019;22(2):215–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smits H, van Kleef M, Holsheimer J, et al. Experimental spinal cord stimulation and neuropathic pain: mechanism of action, technical aspects, and effectiveness. Pain Pract. 2013;13(2):154–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor RS, Desai MJ, Rigoard P, et al. Predictors of pain relief following spinal cord stimulation in chronic back and leg pain and failed back surgery syndrome: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Pain Pract. 2014;14(6):489–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemler MA, de Vet HC, Barendse GA, et al. Effect of spinal cord stimulation for chronic complex regional pain syndrome Type I: five-year final follow-up of patients in a randomized controlled trial. J Neurosurg. 2008;108(2):292–298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapunar D, Kostic S, Banozic A, et al. Dorsal root ganglion - a potential new therapeutic target for neuropathic pain. J Pain Res. 2012;5:31–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Krames ES. The dorsal root ganglion in chronic pain and as a target for neuromodulation: a review. Neuromodulation. 2015;18(1):24–32;discussion.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deer TR, Levy RM, Kramer J, et al. Dorsal root ganglion stimulation yielded higher treatment success rate for complex regional pain syndrome and causalgia at 3 and 12 months: a randomized comparative trial. Pain. 2017;158(4):669–681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liem L, Russo M, Huygen FJ, et al. One-year outcomes of spinal cord stimulation of the dorsal root ganglion in the treatment of chronic neuropathic pain. Neuromodulation. 2015;18(1):41–8; discussion 8–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koetsier E, Franken G, Debets J, et al. Mechanism of dorsal root ganglion stimulation for pain relief in painful diabetic polyneuropathy is not dependent on GABA release in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2020;26(1):136–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du X, Hao H, Yang Y, et al. Local GABAergic signaling within sensory ganglia controls peripheral nociceptive transmission. J Clin Invest. 2017;127(5):1741–1756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawela CP, Kramer JM, Hogan QH. Dorsal root ganglion stimulation attenuates the BOLD signal response to noxious sensory input in specific brain regions: insights into a possible mechanism for analgesia. Neuroimage. 2017;147:10–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koopmeiners AS, Mueller S, Kramer J, et al. Effect of electrical field stimulation on dorsal root ganglion neuronal function. Neuromodulation. 2013;16(4):304–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller JP, Eldabe S, Buchser E, et al. Parameters of spinal cord stimulation and their role in electrical charge delivery: a review. Neuromodulation. 2016;19(4):373–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kent AR, Weisshaar CL, Venkatesan L, et al. Burst & high-frequency spinal cord stimulation differentially effect spinal neuronal activity after radiculopathy. Ann Biomed Eng. 2020;48(1):112–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu JW, Joosten EAJ. Clarifying the scientific knowledge pertaining to burst waveforms in spinal cord stimulation. Neuromodulation. 2019;22(6):758–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed S, Yearwood T, De Ridder D, et al. Burst and high frequency stimulation: underlying mechanism of action. Expert Rev Med Devices. 2018;15(1):61–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ridder D, Vanneste S, Plazier M, et al. Burst spinal cord stimulation: toward paresthesia-free pain suppression. Neurosurgery. 2010;66(5):986–990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosby ND, Goodman Keiser MD, Smith JR, et al. Stimulation parameters define the effectiveness of burst spinal cord stimulation in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Neuromodulation. 2015;18(1):1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meuwissen KPV, de Vries LE, Gu JW, et al. Burst and tonic spinal cord stimulation both activate spinal GABAergic mechanisms to attenuate pain in a rat model of chronic neuropathic pain. Pain Pract. 2020;20(1):75–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meuwissen KPV, Gu JW, Zhang TC, et al. Burst spinal cord stimulation in peripherally injured chronic neuropathic rats: a delayed effect. Pain Pract. 2018;18(8):988–996.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ridder D, Vanneste S. Burst and tonic spinal cord stimulation: different and common brain mechanisms. Neuromodulation. 2016;19(1):47–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yearwood T, De Ridder D, HB Y, et al. Comparison of neural activity in chronic pain patients during tonic and burst spinal cord stimulation using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography. Neuromodulation. 2020;23(1):56–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meuwissen KPV, van der Toorn A, Gu JW, et al. Active recharge burst and tonic spinal cord stimulation engage different supraspinal mechanisms: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in peripherally injured chronic neuropathic rats. Pain Pract. 2020 Mar 2. DOI:10.1111/papr.12879
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker JL, Karantonis DM, Single PS, et al. Compound action potentials recorded in the human spinal cord during neurostimulation for pain relief. Pain. 2012;153(3):593–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo M, Cousins MJ, Brooker C, et al. Effective relief of pain and associated symptoms with closed-loop spinal cord stimulation system: preliminary results of the avalon study. Neuromodulation. 2018;21(1):38–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo M, Brooker C, Cousins MJ, et al. Sustained long-term outcomes with closed-loop spinal cord stimulation: 12-month results of the prospective, multicenter, open-label avalon study. Neurosurgery. 2020. DOI:10.1093/neuros/nyaa003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekhail N, Levy RM, Deer TR, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of closed-loop spinal cord stimulation to treat chronic back and leg pain (Evoke): a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(2):123–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meuwissen KPV, van Beek M, Joosten EAJ. Burst and tonic spinal cord stimulation in the mechanical conflict-avoidance system: cognitive-motivational aspects. Neuromodulation. 2019 Apr 11. DOI:10.1111/ner.12955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar