Patient initiation and maintenance of GLP-1 RAs for treatment of obesity: a narrative review and practical considerations for primary care providers

References

• Jastreboff AM, Kotz CM, Kahan S, et al. Obesity as a disease: the obesity society 2018 position statement. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019;27:7–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Medical Association. 2012 Resolutions. 2012. Cited Jul 2020. Available from: https://www.ama-assn.org/sites/ama-assn.org/files/corp/media-browser/public/hod/a12-resolutions_0.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan LM, Golden A, Jinnett K, et al. Perceptions of barriers to effective obesity care: results from the national action study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018;26:61–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hales CM, Fryar CD, Carroll MD, et al. Trends in obesity and severe obesity prevalence in US youth and adults by sex and age, 2007-2008 to 2015-2016. JAMA. 2018;319:1723–1725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for industry developing products for weight management. 2007. Cited Jul 2020. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/media/71252/download.
   Google Scholar
• Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, et al. AACE/ACE comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity: executive summary. Endocr Pract. 2016;22:842–884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collaboration PS, Whitlock G, Lewington S, et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet. 2009;373:1083–1096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauby-Secretan B, Scoccianti C, Loomis D, et al. Body fatness and cancer–viewpoint of the IARC working group. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:794–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele CB, Thomas CC, Henley SJ, et al. Vital signs: trends in incidence of cancers associated with overweight and obesity - United States, 2005-2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66:1052–1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caleyachetty R, Thomas GN, Toulis KA, et al. Metabolically healthy obese and incident cardiovascular disease events among 3.5 million men and women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:1429–1437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wing RR, Lang W, Wadden TA, et al. Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1481–1486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Church TS, Kuk JL, Ross R, et al. Association of cardiorespiratory fitness, body mass index, and waist circumference to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2006;130:2023–2030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Ford ES, Zhao G, et al. Prevalence of self-reported clinically diagnosed sleep apnea according to obesity status in men and women: national health and nutrition examination survey, 2005-2006. Prev Med. 2010;51:18–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hjellvik V, Tverdal A, Furu K. Body mass index as predictor for asthma: a cohort study of 118,723 males and females. Eur Respir J. 2010;35:1235–1242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, et al. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messier SP, Resnik AE, Beavers DP, et al. Intentional weight loss in overweight and obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: is more better? Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2018;70:1569–1575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon GE, Von Korff M, Saunders K, et al. Association between obesity and psychiatric disorders in the US adult population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006;63:824–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luppino FS, de Wit LM, Bouvy PF, et al. Overweight, obesity, and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67:220–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopman WM, Berger C, Joseph L, et al. The association between body mass index and health-related quality of life: data from CaMos, a stratified population study. Qual Life Res. 2007;16:1595–1603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright F, Boyle S, Baxter K, et al. Understanding the relationship between weight loss, emotional well-being and health-related quality of life in patients attending a specialist obesity weight management service. J Health Psychol. 2013;18:574–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He Mw B, Christensen S, Seger J, et al. Obesity algorithm slides, presented by the obesity medicine association. 2019. Cited Jul 2020. Available from: https://obesitymedicine.org/obesity-algorithm/.
   Google Scholar
• Fothergill E, Guo J, Howard L, et al. Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after “The Biggest Loser” competition. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24:1612–1619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curioni CC, Lourenco PM. Long-term weight loss after diet and exercise: a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005;29:1168–1174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumithran P, Prendergast LA, Delbridge E, et al. Long-term persistence of hormonal adaptations to weight loss. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:1597–1604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Unick JL, Beavers D, Jakicic JM, et al. Effectiveness of lifestyle interventions for individuals with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes: results from the Look AHEAD trial. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:2152–2157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman AL, Griffin SJ, Ahern AL, et al. Impact of weight maintenance and loss on diabetes risk and burden: a population-based study in 33,184 participants. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kritchevsky SB, Beavers KM, Miller ME, et al. Intentional weight loss and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0121993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li G, Zhang P, Wang J, et al. Cardiovascular mortality, all-cause mortality, and diabetes incidence after lifestyle intervention for people with impaired glucose tolerance in the Da Qing diabetes prevention study: a 23-year follow-up study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014;2:474–480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appel LJ, Brands MW, Daniels SR, et al. Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2006;47:296–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaemi A, Taleban FA, Hekmatdoost A, et al. How much weight loss is effective on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease? Hepat Mon. 2013;13:e15227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales E, Praga M. The effect of weight loss in obesity and chronic kidney disease. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2012;14:170–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuna ST, Reboussin DM, Borradaile KE, et al. Long-term effect of weight loss on obstructive sleep apnea severity in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Sleep. 2013;36:641–649A.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williamson DA, Rejeski J, Lang W, et al. Impact of a weight management program on health-related quality of life in overweight adults with type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:163–171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xia Y, Kelton CM, Guo JJ, et al. Treatment of obesity: pharmacotherapy trends in the United States from 1999 to 2010. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23:1721–1728.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samaranayake NR, Ong KL, Leung RY, et al. Management of obesity in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007-2008. Ann Epidemiol. 2012;22:349–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalra R, Parcha V, Patel N, et al. Increased awareness, inadequate treatment, and poor control of cardiovascular risk factors in American young adults: 2005–2016. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2020.Doi: 10.1177/2047487320905190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Hatahet M, Wang Y, et al. Multivariate analysis of hypertension in general US adults based on the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline: data from the national health and nutrition examination survey 1999 to 2016. Blood Press. 2019;28:191–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercado C, DeSimone AK, Odom E, et al. Prevalence of cholesterol treatment eligibility and medication use among adults—United States, 2005–2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64:1305–1311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganguly R, Tian Y, Kong SX, et al. Persistence of newer anti-obesity medications in a real-world setting. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;143:348–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wogen J, Kreilick CA, Livornese RC, et al. Patient adherence with amlodipine, lisinopril, or valsartan therapy in a usual-care setting. J Manag Care Pharm. 2003;9:424–429.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colantonio LD, Rosenson RS, Deng L, et al. Adherence to statin therapy among US adults between 2007 and 2014. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8:e010376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hampp C, Kang EM, Borders-Hemphill V. Use of prescription antiobesity drugs in the United States. Pharmacotherapy. 2013;33:1299–1307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel DK, Stanford FC. Safety and tolerability of new-generation anti-obesity medications: a narrative review. Postgrad Med. 2018;130:173–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jannah N, Hild J, Gallagher C, et al. Coverage for obesity prevention and treatment services: analysis of medicaid and state employee health insurance programs. Obesity. 2018;26:1834–1840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:2131–2157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors in the brain: controlling food intake and body weight. J Clin Invest. 2014;124:4223–4226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentilella R, Pechtner V, Corcos A, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes treatment: are they all the same? Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2019;35:e3070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meek CL, Lewis HB, Reimann F, et al. The effect of bariatric surgery on gastrointestinal and pancreatic peptide hormones. Peptides. 2016;77:28–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novo Nordisk. SAXENDA® (liraglutide) injection, for subcutaneous use. 2018. [cited 2020 Oct]. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2018/206321s007lbl.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta V. Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues: an overview. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17:413–421.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryan D, Acosta A. GLP-1 receptor agonists: nonglycemic clinical effects in weight loss and beyond. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015;23:1119–1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Secher A, Jelsing J, Baquero AF, et al. The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide-dependent weight loss. J Clin Invest. 2014;124:4473–4488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Can J, Sloth B, Jensen CB, et al. Effects of the once-daily GLP-1 analog liraglutide on gastric emptying, glycemic parameters, appetite and energy metabolism in obese, non-diabetic adults. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014;38:784–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maselli DB, Camilleri M. Effects of GLP-1 and its analogs on gastric physiology in diabetes mellitus and obesity. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1307:171-192.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Novo Nordisk. Saxenda 6 mg/mL solution for injection in pre-filled pen: summary of product characteristics. 2019. Cited Oct 2020. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/product-information/saxenda-epar-product-information_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of 3.0 mg of liraglutide in weight management. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:11–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• le Roux CW, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al. 3 years of liraglutide versus placebo for type 2 diabetes risk reduction and weight management in individuals with prediabetes: a randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2017;389:1399–1409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies MJ, Bergenstal R, Bode B, et al. Efficacy of liraglutide for weight loss among patients with type 2 diabetes: the scale diabetes randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314:687–699.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadden TA, Hollander P, Klein S, et al. Weight maintenance and additional weight loss with liraglutide after low-calorie-diet-induced weight loss: the SCALE Maintenance randomized study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013;37:1443–1451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackman A, Foster GD, Zammit G, et al. Effect of liraglutide 3.0 mg in individuals with obesity and moderate or severe obstructive sleep apnea: the SCALE Sleep Apnea randomized clinical trial. Int J Obes (Lond). 2016;40:1310–1319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadden TA, Walsh OA, Berkowitz RI, et al. Intensive behavioral therapy for obesity combined with liraglutide 3.0 mg: a randomized controlled trial. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019;27:75–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wharton S, Liu A, Pakseresht A, et al. Real-world clinical effectiveness of liraglutide 3.0 mg for weight management in Canada. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019;27:917–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DerSarkissian M, Bhak RH, Huang J, et al. Maintenance of weight loss or stability in subjects with obesity: a retrospective longitudinal analysis of a real-world population. Curr Med Res Opin. 2017;33:1105–1110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann T, Tomiyama AJ, Westling E, et al. Medicare’s search for effective obesity treatments: diets are not the answer. Am Psychol. 2007;62:220–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies MJ, D’Alessio DA, Fradkin J, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2018;61:2461–2498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astrup A, Carraro R, Finer N, et al. Safety, tolerability and sustained weight loss over 2 years with the once-daily human GLP-1 analog, liraglutide. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012;36:843–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippatos TD, Panagiotopoulou TV, Elisaf MS. Adverse effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists. Rev Diabet Stud. 2014;11:202–230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halawi H, Khemani D, Eckert D, et al. Effects of liraglutide on weight, satiation, and gastric functions in obesity: a randomised, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;2:890–899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carling T, Udelsman R. Thyroid cancer. Annu Rev Med. 2014;65:125–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies MJ, Aronne LJ, Caterson ID, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in adults with overweight or obesity: a post hoc analysis from SCALE randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20:734–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375:311–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann JFE, Fonseca V, Mosenzon O, et al. Effects of liraglutide versus placebo on cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease. Circulation. 2018;138:2908–2918.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann JFE, Orsted DD, Brown-Frandsen K, et al. Liraglutide and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377:839–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar