132
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Clinical features - Original research

Sex- related differences in the factors associated with outcomes among patients with strokes of undetermined source: a hospital-based follow-up study

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 428-435 | Received 25 Sep 2020, Accepted 04 Feb 2021, Published online: 20 Feb 2021

References

  • GBD. 2017 disease and injury incidence and prevalence collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1789–1858.
  • Johnson CO, Nguyen M, Roth GA, GBD. 2016 stroke collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18(5):439–458.
  • Ning X, Sun J, Jiang R, et al. Increased stroke burdens among the low-income young and middle aged in rural China. Stroke. 2017;48(1):77–83.
  • Zhu D, Shi X, Nicholas S, et al. Medical service utilization and direct medical cost of stroke in urban China. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2020. DOI:10.34172/ijhpm.2020.111
  • Cha YJ. The economic burden of stroke based on South Korea’s national health insurance claims database. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2018;7(10):904–909.
  • Luengo-Fernandez R, Violato M, Candio P, et al. Economic burden of stroke across Europe: A population-based cost analysis. Eur Stroke J. 2020;5(1):17–25.
  • Adams HP Jr, Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment. Stroke. 1993;24(1):35–41.
  • Rücker V, Heuschmann PU, O’Flaherty M, et al. Twenty-year time trends in long-term case-fatality and recurrence rates after ischemic stroke stratified by etiology. Stroke. 2020;51(9):2778–2785.
  • Baye M, Hintze A, Gordon-Murer C, et al. Stroke characteristics and outcomes of adult patients in Northwest Ethiopia. Front Neurol. 2020;11:428.
  • Tsai CF, Thomas B, Sudlow CL. Epidemiology of stroke and its subtypes in Chinese vs white populations: a systematic review. Neurology. 2013;81(3):264–272.
  • Martinez-Majander N, Aarnio K, Pirinen J, et al. Embolic strokes of undetermined source in young adults: baseline characteristics and long-term outcome. Eur J Neurol. 2018;25(3):535–541.
  • Perera KS, Vanassche T, Bosch J, et al. Embolic strokes of undetermined source: prevalence and patient features in the ESUS Global Registry. Int J Stroke. 2016;11(5):526–533.
  • Yaghi S, Bernstein RA, Passman R, et al. Cryptogenic Stroke: research and Practice. Circ Res. 2017;120(3):527–540.
  • Li L, Yiin GS, Geraghty OC, et al. Incidence, outcome, risk factors, and long-term prognosis of cryptogenic transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke: a population-based study. Lancet Neurol. 2015;14(9):903–913.
  • Phan HT, Blizzard CL, Reeves MJ, et al. Sex differences in long-term mortality after stroke in the INSTRUCT (INternational STRoke oUtComes sTudy): a meta-analysis of individual participant data. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2017;10(2). DOI:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.116.003436
  • Berglund A, Schenck-Gustafsson K, von Euler M. Sex differences in the presentation of stroke. Maturitas. 2017;99:47–50.
  • Carcel C, Wang X, Sandset EC, et al. Sex differences in treatment and outcome after stroke: pooled analysis including 19,000 participants. Neurology. 2019;93(24):e2170–e2180.
  • Lewsey JD, Gillies M, Jhund PS, et al. Sex differences in incidence, mortality, and survival in individuals with stroke in Scotland, 1986 to 2005. Stroke. 2009;40(4):1038–1043.
  • Hwong WY, Bots ML, Selvarajah S, et al. Sex differences in stroke metrics among Southeast Asian countries: results from the global burden of disease study 2015. Int J Stroke. 2019;14(8):826–834.
  • Appelros P, Stegmayr B, Terént A. Sex differences in stroke epidemiology: a systematic review. Stroke. 2009;40(4):1082–1090.
  • Bamford J, Sandercock P, Dennis M, et al. Classification and natural history of clinically identifiable subtypes of cerebral infarction. Lancet. 1991;337(8756):1521–1526.
  • Lyden P, Brott T, Tilley B, et al. Improved reliability of the NIH stroke scale using video training. NINDS TPA stroke study group. Stroke. 1994;25(11):2220–2226.
  • van Swieten JC, Koudstaal PJ, Visser MC, et al. Interobserver agreement for the assessment of handicap in stroke patients. Stroke. 1988;19(5):604–607.
  • Skolnik N. Treating hypercholesterolemia in older adults-reply. JAMA. 2019;322(7):695–696.
  • Zhou BF. Effect of body mass index on all-cause mortality and incidence of cardiovascular diseases–report for meta-analysis of prospective studies open optimal cut-off points of body mass index in Chinese adults. Biomed Environ Sci. 2002;15(3):245–252.
  • Leventis I, Perlepe K, Sagris D, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of embolic stroke of undetermined source according to stroke severity. Int J Stroke. 2020;15(8):866–871.
  • Liu X, Li T, Diao S, et al. The global burden of cerebral small vessel disease related to neurological deficit severity and clinical outcomes of acute ischemic stroke after IV rt-PA treatment. Neurol Sci. 2019;40(6):1157–1166.
  • Rost NS, Bottle A, Lee JM, et al. Stroke severity is a crucial predictor of outcome: an international prospective validation study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(1). DOI:10.1161/JAHA.115.002433
  • Soh J, Iqbal J, Queiroz J, et al. MicroRNA-30c reduces hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis in mice by decreasing lipid synthesis and lipoprotein secretion. Nat Med. 2013;19(7):892–900.
  • Won KB, Park GM, Yang YJ, et al. Independent role of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in subclinical coronary atherosclerosis in the absence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;20(8):866–872.
  • Staudt A, Stock K, Gande N, et al. Impact of lifestyle and cardiovascular risk factors on early atherosclerosis in a large cohort of healthy adolescents: the Early Vascular Ageing (EVA)-tyrol study. Atherosclerosis. 2020;305:26–33.
  • Ji X, Leng XY, Dong Y, et al. Modifiable risk factors for carotid atherosclerosis: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(22):632.
  • Aronow WS. Managing hyperlipidaemia in the elderly: special considerations for a population at high risk. Drugs Aging. 2006;23(3):181–189.
  • O’Brien EC, Greiner MA, Xian Y, et al. Clinical effectiveness of statin therapy after ischemic stroke: primary results from the statin therapeutic area of the patient-centered research into outcomes stroke patients prefer and effectiveness research (PROSPER) study. Circulation. 2015;132(15):1404–1413.
  • Larry BG, Tsivgoulis G, Katsanos AH, et al. Statin pretreatment is associated with better outcomes in large artery atherosclerotic stroke. Neurology. 2016;87(7):746.
  • Flint AC, Conell C, Klingman JG, et al. Impact of increased early statin administration on ischemic stroke outcomes: a multicenter electronic medical record intervention. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(8). DOI:10.1161/JAHA.116.003413
  • Choi KH, Seo WK, Park MS, et al. Effect of statin therapy on outcomes of patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(24):e013941.
  • Stroke prevetion by aggressive reduction in cholestrol levels (SPARCL) Investigators; Karam JG, Loney-Hutchinson L, McFarlane SI. High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack: the stroke prevention by aggressive reduction in cholesterol levels (SPARCL) investigators. J Cardiometab Syndr. 2008;3(1):68–69.
  • Sanna T, Diener HC, Passman RS, et al. Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(26):2478–2486.
  • Kamel H, Longstreth WT Jr, Tirschwell DL, et al. The AtRial cardiopathy and antithrombotic drugs in prevention after cryptogenic stroke randomized trial: rationale and methods. Int J Stroke. 2019;14(2):207–214.
  • Yaghi S, Chang AD, Ricci BA, et al. Early elevated troponin levels after ischemic stroke suggests a cardioembolic source. Stroke. 2018;49(1):121–126.
  • Ahmad Y, Howard JP, Arnold A, et al. Patent foramen ovale closure vs. medical therapy for cryptogenic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(18):1638–1649.
  • Kasner SE, Swaminathan B, Lavados P, et al. Rivaroxaban or aspirin for patent foramen ovale and embolic stroke of undetermined source: a prespecified subgroup analysis from the NAVIGATE ESUS trial. Lancet Neurol. 2018;17(12):1053–1060.
  • Navi BB, Singer S, Merkler AE, et al. Recurrent thromboembolic events after ischemic stroke in patients with cancer. Neurology. 2014;83(1):26–33.
  • Coutinho JM, Derkatch S, Potvin AR, et al. Nonstenotic carotid plaque on CT angiography in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Neurology. 2016;87(7):665–672.
  • Gupta A, Gialdini G, Giambrone AE, et al. Association Between Nonstenosing Carotid Artery Plaque on MR Angiography and Acute Ischemic Stroke. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;9(10):1228–1229.
  • Triantafyllou S, Katsanos AH, Dilaveris P, et al. Implantable cardiac monitoring in the secondary prevention of cryptogenic stroke. Ann Neurol. 2020;88(5):946–955.
  • Tsivgoulis G, Katsanos AH, Grory BM, et al. Prolonged cardiac rhythm monitoring and secondary stroke prevention in patients with cryptogenic cerebral ischemia. Stroke. 2019;50(8):2175–2180.
  • Fukutomi M, Wilkins B, Søndergaard L. The role of device closure of patent foramen ovale in patients with cryptogenic stroke. J Intern Med. 2020;288(4):400–409.
  • Ntaios G, Papavasileiou V, Milionis H, et al. Embolic strokes of undetermined source in the Athens stroke registry: a descriptive analysis. Stroke. 2015;46(1):176–181.
  • Nahab F, Sharashidze V, Liu M, et al. Markers of coagulation and hemostatic activation aid in identifying causes of cryptogenic stroke. Neurology. 2020;94(18):e1892–e1899.
  • Fakih R, Roa JA, Bathla G, et al. Detection and quantification of symptomatic atherosclerotic plaques with high-resolution imaging in cryptogenic stroke. Stroke. 2020;51:STROKEAHA120031167.
  • Palà E, Pagola J, Juega J, et al. BNP over NT-proBNP to predict incident atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2021;28(2):540-547. doi: 10.1111/ene.14579.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.