Thiazide-associated hyponatremia in internal medicine patients: analysis of epidemiological and biochemical profiles

References

• Upadhyay A, Jaber BL, Madias NE. Incidence and prevalence of hyponatremia. Am J Med. 2006 Jul;119(7 Suppl 1):S30–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton JA, Le Jeune IR, Hall IP. Severe hyponatraemia in medical in-patients: aetiology, assessment and outcome. QJM. 2006 Aug 1;99(8):505–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayus JC, Wheeler JM, Arieff AI. Postoperative hyponatremic encephalopathy in menstruant women. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Dec 1;117(11):891–897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayus JC. Diuretic-inducedn hyponatremia. Arch Internal Med. 1986 Jul 1;146(7):1295–1296.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carlos Ayus J, Varon J, Arieff I, et al., Cerebral edema, and noncardiogenic pulmonary edema in marathon runners. Annals of Internal Medicine [Internet]. 2000 May 2 cited 2021 Oct 7: https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/0003-4819-132-9-200005020-00005
   Google Scholar
• Ayus JC, Fuentes NA, Negri AL, et al. Mild prolonged chronic hyponatremia and risk of hip fracture in the elderly. Nephrol Dialysis Transplantation. 2016 Oct 1;31(10):1662–1669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmer BF, Clegg DJ, Ingelfinger JR. Electrolyte disturbances in patients with chronic alcohol-use disorder. N Engl J Med. 2017 Oct 5;377(14):1368–1377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippatos TD, Makri A, Elisaf MS, et al. Hyponatremia in the elderly: challenges and solutions. CIA. 2017 Nov 14;12:1957–1965.
   Google Scholar
• Kheetan M, Ogu I, Shapiro JI, et al. Acute and chronic hyponatremia. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:1261.
   Google Scholar
• Ayus JC, Achinger SG, Arieff A. Brain cell volume regulation in hyponatremia: role of sex, age, vasopressin, and hypoxia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2008 Sep;295(3):F619–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman E, Shadel M, Halkin H, et al. Thiazide-induced hyponatremia: reproducibility by single dose rechallenge and an analysis of pathogenesis. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Jan 1;110(1):24–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippone EJ, Ruzieh M, Foy A. Thiazide-associated hyponatremia: clinical manifestations and pathophysiology. Am J Kidney Diseases. 2020 Feb 1;75(2):256–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung AA, Wright A, Pazo V, et al. Risk of thiazide-induced hyponatremia in patients with hypertension. Am J Med. 2011 Nov;124(11):1064–1072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodenburg EM, Hoorn EJ, Ruiter R, et al. Thiazide-associated hyponatremia: a population-based study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013 Jul;62(1):67–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber J, McKeever TM, McDowell SE, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of thiazide-induced hyponatraemia: time to reconsider electrolyte monitoring regimens after thiazide initiation? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015 Apr;79(4):566–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liamis G, Filippatos TD, Elisaf MS. Thiazide–associated hyponatremia in the elderly: what the clinician needs to know. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2016 Feb;13(2):175–182.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ware JS, Wain LV, Channavajjhala SK, et al. Phenotypic and pharmacogenetic evaluation of patients with thiazide-induced hyponatremia. J Clin Investig. 2017 Aug 7;127(9):3367–3374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang -C-C, Chung C-M, Hung S-I, et al. Clinical and genetic factors associated with thiazide-induced hyponatremia. Medicine (Baltimore) Internet]. 2015 Aug 28 cited 2021 Mar 8;94(34). Available from.;():https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4602917/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenkel NJ, Vogt L, De Rooij SE, et al. Thiazide-induced hyponatraemia is associated with increased water intake and impaired urea-mediated water excretion at low plasma antidiuretic hormone and urine aquaporin-2. J Hypertens. 2015 Mar;33(3):627–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadal J, Channavajjhala SK, Jia W, et al. Clinical and molecular features of thiazide-induced hyponatremia. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2018 Apr 10;20(4):31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayus JC, Arieff AI. Chronic hyponatremic encephalopathy in postmenopausal women association of therapies with morbidity and mortality. JAMA. 1999 Jun 23;281(24):2299–2304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seay NW, Lehrich RW, Greenberg A. Diagnosis and management of disorders of body tonicity—hyponatremia and hypernatremia: core curriculum 2020. Am J Kidney Diseases. 2020 Feb 1;75(2):272–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burst V, Grundmann F, Kubacki T, et al. Thiazide-associated hyponatremia, report of the hyponatremia registry: an observational multicenter international study. Am J Nephrol. 2017;45(5):420–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choy KW, Wijeratne N, Lu ZX, et al. Harmonisation of osmolal gap – can we use a common formula? Clin Biochem Rev. 2016 Aug;37(3):113–119.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sterns RH. Disorders of plasma sodium — causes, consequences, and correction. Ingelfinger JR, editor. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jan 1;372(1):55–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassi V, Fattoruso O. The role of fractional excretion of uric acid in the differential diagnosis of hypotonic hyponatraemia in patients with diuretic therapy. Cureus Internet]. cited 2021 Mar 22;12(4). Available from.;(). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7243088/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duarte JD, Cooper-dehoff RM. Mechanisms for blood pressure lowering and metabolic effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2010 Jun;8(6):793–802.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gennari FJ. Current concepts. Serum osmolality. uses and limitations. N Engl J Med. 1984 Jan 12;310(2):102–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piano S, Tonon M, Angeli P. Management of ascites and hepatorenal syndrome. Hepatol Int. 2018 Feb;12(S1):122–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee S, William III B. Abernethy simel DL. is this patient hypovolemic? JAMA. 1999 Mar 17;281(11):1022–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millington SJ. Ultrasound assessment of the inferior vena cava for fluid responsiveness: easy, fun, but unlikely to be helpful. Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth. 2019 Jun 1;66(6):633–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dasta J, Hauptman P, Greenberg A, et al. Design of a prospective, multinational registry to evaluate patients hospitalized with hyponatremia: the HN registry. Open Access Journal of Clinical Trials. 2013 Aug 1;5:93.
   Google Scholar
• Olsson K, Öhlin B, Melander O. Epidemiology and characteristics of hyponatremia in the emergency department. Eur J Intern Med. 2013 Mar 1;24(2):110–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maesaka JK, Imbriano LJ, Miyawaki N. Determining fractional urate excretion rates in hyponatremic conditions and improved methods to distinguish cerebral/renal salt wasting from the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Front Med (Lausanne) Internet]. 2018 Nov 30 cited 2021 Mar 23;5. Available from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6284366/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh SW, Han SY. Loop Diuretics in Clinical Practice. Electrolyte Blood Press. 2015 Jun;13(1):17–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fenske W, Störk S, Koschker A-C, et al. Value of fractional uric acid excretion in differential diagnosis of hyponatremic patients on diuretics. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Aug;93(8):2991–2997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrier RW, Lehman D, Zacherle B, et al. Effect of furosemide on free water excretion in edematous patients with hyponatremia. Kidney Int. 1973 Jan 1;3(1):30–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romano G, Bortolotti N, Falleti E, et al. The influence of furosemide on free water clearance. Panminerva Med. 1999 Jun;41(2):103–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hato T, Ng R. Diagnostic value of urine sodium concentration in hyponatremia due to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion versus hypovolemia. Hawaii Med J. 2010 Nov;69(11):264–267.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bankir L, Perucca J, Norsk P, et al. Relationship between sodium intake and water intake: the false and the true. ANM. 2017;70(Suppl. 1):51–61.
   Google Scholar
• Biswas M, Davies JS. Hyponatraemia in clinical practice. Postgrad Med J. 2007 Jun;83(980):373–378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha AD, Agarwal R. Clinical pharmacology of antihypertensive therapy for the treatment of hypertension in CKD. Cjasn. 2019 May 7;14(5):757–764.
   Google Scholar