Effects of statins on the risks of ischemic stroke and heart disease in human immunodeficiency virus infection, influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome–associated coronavirus: respiratory virus infection with steroid use

References

• AlGhatrif M, Cingolani O, Lakatta EG. The dilemma of coronavirus disease 2019, aging, and cardiovascular disease: insights from cardiovascular aging science. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:747–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai LW, Chen YT, Shih CJ, et al. Statin use and influenza vaccine effectiveness in persons ≥ 65 years of age, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26:1243–1250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Zou P, Gao H, et al. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as an early new marker in AIV-H7N9-infected patients: a retrospective study. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2019;15:911–919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quiros-Roldan E, Raffetti E, Donato F, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and cardiovascular disease incidence in HIV-infected patients: a population-based cohort study. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0154900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijeratne T, Sales C, Karimi L, et al. Acute Ischemic Stroke in COVID-19: a case-based systematic review. Front Neurol. 2020;11:1031.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li SS, Cheng CW, Fu CL, et al. Left ventricular performance in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a 30-day echocardiographic follow-up study. Circulation. 2003;108:1798–1803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiang Z, Liu J, Shi D, et al. Glucocorticoids improve severe or critical COVID-19 by activating ACE2 and reducing IL-6 levels. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16:2382–2391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Sun W, Svendsen ER, et al. Do corticosteroids reduce the mortality of influenza A (H1N1) infection? A meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2015;19:46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang WK, Chen SY, Liu IJ, et al. Temporal relationship of viral load, ribavirin, interleukin (IL)—6, IL-8, and clinical progression in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1071–1075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roychoudhury S, Das A, Sengupta P, et al. Viral pandemics of the last four decades: pathophysiology, health impacts and perspectives. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:9411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabaan AA, Mutair AA, Alawi ZA, et al. Comparative pathology, molecular pathogenicity, immunological features, and genetic characterization of three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses (MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2). Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021;25:7162–7184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang XJ, Qin JJ, Cheng X, et al. In-hospital use of statins is associated with a reduced risk of mortality among individuals with COVID-19. Cell Metab. 2020;32:176–187.e4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titanji B, Gavegnano C, Hsue P, et al. Targeting inflammation to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in people with HIV infection. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020;9:e014873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oesterle A, Laufs U, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of statins on the cardiovascular system. Circ Res. 2017;120:229–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa S, Reina-Couto M, Albino-Teixeira A, et al. Statins and oxidative stress in chronic heart failure. Rev Port Cardiol. 2016;35:41–57.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Georgakis MK, Malik R, Gill DK, et al. Interleukin-6 signaling effects on ischemic stroke and other cardiovascular outcomes: a Mendelian randomization study. medRxiv. 2020;13(3):19007682.
   Google Scholar
• Fedson DS. Pandemic influenza: a potential role for statins in treatment and prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:199–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedson DS. Treating the host response to emerging virus diseases: lessons learned from sepsis, pneumonia, influenza and Ebola. Ann Transl Med. 2016;4:421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drapala A, Sikora M, Ufnal M. Statins, the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system and hypertension – a tale of another beneficial effect of statins. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2014;15:250–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petek B, Villa-Lopez M, Loera-Valencia R, et al. Connecting the brain cholesterol and renin–angiotensin systems: potential role of statins and RAS-modifying medications in dementia. J Intern Med. 2018;284:620–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longenecker CT, Eckard AR, McComsey GA. Statins to improve cardiovascular outcomes in treated HIV infection. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2016;29:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen GT, Chang SC, Chang CJ. New drug reimbursement and pricing policy in Taiwan. Value Health Reg Issues. 2018;15:127–132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li YH, Ueng KC, Jeng JS, et al. Taiwan lipid guidelines for high risk patients. J Formos Med Assoc. 2017;116:217–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh CY, Su CC, Shao SC, et al. Taiwan’s national health insurance research database: past and future. Clin Epidemiol. 2019;11:349–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh CY, Chen CH, Li CY, et al. Validating the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke in a National Health Insurance claims database. J Formos Med Assoc. 2015;114:254–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang P, Gu H, Zhao Z, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) mediates influenza H7N9 virus-induced acute lung injury. Sci Rep. 2014;4:7027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nan-Ping Y, Yi-Hui L, Chi-Yu C, et al. Comparisons of medical utilizations and categorical diagnoses of emergency visits between the elderly with catastrophic illness certificates and those without. BMC Health Serv Res. 2013;13:152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amarenco P, Kim JS, Labreuche J, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage in the TST trial. Stroke. 2022;53:457–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan L, Wang X, Wang T, et al. Statins for people with intracerebral hemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022;2:1–26. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD014929
   Google Scholar
• Hao Y, Qi Z, Ding Y, et al. Effect of interventional therapy on IL-1β, IL-6, and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) levels and outcomes in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:610–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song Z, Yang R, Wang W, et al. Association of healthy lifestyle including a healthy sleep pattern with incident type 2 diabetes mellitus among individuals with hypertension. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao Y, Huynh Q, Kapoor N, et al. Associations between dietary patterns and cardiometabolic risk factors—a longitudinal analysis among high-risk individuals for diabetes in Kerala, India. Nutrients. 2022;14:662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C, Gu L, Chen L, et al. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as potential predictors of prognosis in acute ischemic stroke. Front Neurol. 2021;11:525621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Yu C, Ni W, et al. Peripheral blood inflammatory markers in predicting prognosis in patients with COVID-19. Some differences with influenza A. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021;35:e23657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He L, Ding Y, Zhang Q, et al. Expression of elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in SARS-CoV-infected ACE2+ cells in SARS patients: relation to the acute lung injury and pathogenesis of SARS. J Pathol. 2006;210:288–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanberg J, Freiberg M, Goetz M, et al. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratios as prognostic inflammatory biomarkers in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and HIV/HCV coinfection. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6:ofz347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordell AD, McKenna M, Borges ÁH, et al. Severity of cardiovascular disease outcomes among patients With HIV is related to markers of inflammation and coagulation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2014;3:e000844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castiglione V, Chiriacò M, Emdin M, et al. Statin therapy in COVID-19 infection. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2020;6:258–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• South A, Diz D, Chappell M. COVID-19, ACE2, and the cardiovascular consequences. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2020;5:H1084–H1090.
   Google Scholar
• Song TJ, Kim J. Effect of statins on the risk of poststroke pneumonia: national population-based cohort study. Infect Drug Resist. 2020;13:2689–2698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlienger RG, Fedson DS, Jick SS, et al. Statins and the risk of pneumonia: a population-based, nested case-control study. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27:325–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh JJ, Lai MC, Yang YC, et al. Relationships between bronchodilators, steroids, antiarrhythmic drugs, antidepressants, and benzodiazepines and heart disease and ischemic stroke in patients with predominant bronchiectasis and asthma. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:797623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastori D, Baratta F, Di Rocco A, et al. Statin use and mortality in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 100,287 patients. Pharmacol Res. 2021;165:105418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee MMY, Sattar N, McMurray JJV, et al. Statins in the prevention and treatment of heart failure: a review of the evidence. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2019;21:41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang X, Xu W, Li M, et al. Antiviral biomaterials. Matter. 2021;4:1892–1918.
   Google Scholar
• Li S, Guo X, Gao R, et al. Recent progress on biomaterials fighting against viruses. Adv Mater. 2021;33:e2005424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei Q, Su Y, Xin H, et al. Immunologically effective biomaterials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021;13:56719–56724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang T, Xu L, Zhao M, et al. Dual targeted delivery of statins and nucleic acids by chitosan-based nanoparticles for enhanced antiatherosclerotic efficacy. Biomaterials. 2022;280:121324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang K, Yu C, Liu Y, et al. Enhanced antiatherosclerotic efficacy of statin-loaded reconstituted high-density lipoprotein via ganglioside GM1 modification. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2018;4:952–962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jhuang YH, Kao TW, Peng TC, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio as predictor for incident hypertension: a 9-year cohort study in Taiwan. Hypertens Res. 2019;42(8):1209–1214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu CC, Ko HJ, Liu WS, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a predictive marker of metabolic syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98:e17537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang CW, Lu LC, Chang CC, et al. Imbalanced plasma ACE and ACE2 level in the uremic patients with cardiovascular diseases and its change during a single hemodialysis session. Ren Fail. 2017;39:719–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillén L, Padilla S, Fernández M, et al. Preemptive interleukin-6 blockade in patients with COVID-19. Sci Rep. 2020;10:16826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu CM, Wong RS, Wu EB, et al. Cardiovascular complications of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 2006;82:140–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umapathi T, Kor AC, Venketasubramanian N, et al. Large artery ischaemic stroke in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). J Neurol. 2004;251:1227–1231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar