References
- Bellary S, Kyrou I, Brown JE, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in older adults: clinical considerations and management. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021;17:534–548.
- Huang ES. Potential overtreatment of older, complex adults with diabetes. JAMA. 2015;314:1280–1281.
- Selvin E, Coresh J, Brancati FL. The burden and treatment of diabetes in elderly individuals in the u.s. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:2415–2419.
- Müller N, Khunti K, Kuss O, et al. Is there evidence of potential overtreatment of glycaemia in elderly people with type 2 diabetes? Data from the GUIDANCE study. Acta Diabetol. 2017;54:209–214.
- Penfornis A, Fiquet B, Blicklé JF, et al. Potential glycemic overtreatment in patients ≥75 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus and renal disease: experience from the observational OREDIA study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2015;8:303–313.
- Lipska KJ, Ross JS, Miao Y, et al. Potential overtreatment of diabetes mellitus in older adults with tight glycemic control. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:356–362.
- Abdelhafiz AH, Sinclair AJ. Deintensification of hypoglycaemic medications-use of a systematic review approach to highlight safety concerns in older people with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2018;32:444–450.
- Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2545–2559.
- Duckworth W, Abraira C, Moritz T, et al. Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2009;360:129–139.
- American Diabetes Association. 12. Older adults: standards of medical care in diabetes-2019. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:S139–S147.
- Davies MJ, D’Alessio DA, Fradkin J, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2018. A consensus report by the American diabetes association (ADA) and the European association for the study of diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2018;61:2461–2498.
- Poudel A, Yates P, Rowett D, et al. Use of preventive medication in patients with limited life expectancy: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2017;53:1097–1110.e1.
- Association AD. 11. Older adults. Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2016;40:S99–S104.
- Bloomgarden ZT, Einhorn D, Handelsman Y. Is HbA1c \<7\% a marker of poor performance in individuals \>65 years old? Diabetes Care [Internet]. 2017;40:526–528.
- Jokanovic N, Tan ECK, Dooley MJ, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with polypharmacy in long-term care facilities: a systematic review. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:535.e1–12.
- Kojima G. Prevalence of frailty in nursing homes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015;16:940–945.
- Blecker S, Park H, Katz SD. Association of HbA1c with hospitalization and mortality among patients with heart failure and diabetes. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2016;16:99.
- Stasinopoulos J, Wood SJ, Bell JS, et al. Potential overtreatment and undertreatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in long-term care facilities: a systematic review. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021;22:1889–1897.e5.
- Maciejewski ML, Mi X, Sussman J, et al. Overtreatment and deintensification of diabetic therapy among medicare beneficiaries. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33:34–41.
- American Diabetes Association. 6. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41:S55–S64.
- Tran AT, Berg TJ, Mdala I, et al. Factors associated with potential over- and undertreatment of hyperglycaemia and annual measurement of HbA(1c) in type 2 diabetes in Norwegian general practice. Diabet Med. 2021;38:e14500.
- Huang ES, Liu JY, Moffet HH, et al. Glycemic control, complications, and death in older diabetic patients: the diabetes and aging study. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:1329–1336.
- S A, W C. England-wide care home diabetes audit 2012/13. United Kingdom Inst Diabetes Older People [Internet]. 2014; Available from: http://diabetesfrail.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/England-wide-Care-Home-Diabetes-Audit.pdf
- Greenfield S, Billimek J, Pellegrini F, et al. Comorbidity affects the relationship between glycemic control and cardiovascular outcomes in diabetes: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:854–860.
- Ligthelm RJ, Kaiser M, Vora J, et al. Insulin use in elderly adults: risk of hypoglycemia and strategies for care. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:1564–1570.
- Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Daya N, Lee AK, et al. Severe hypoglycemia, cardiac structure and function, and risk of cardiovascular events among older adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2021;44:248–254.
- Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Genuth S, et al. Long-term effects of intensive glucose lowering on cardiovascular outcomes. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:818–828.
- Niznik JD, Hunnicutt JN, Zhao X, et al. Deintensification of diabetes medications among veterans at the end of life in VA nursing homes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68:736–745.
- Turner RC, Fox C, Matthews MH, et al. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet.1998;352:837–853.
- Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2560–2572.
- Abdelhafiz AH, Sinclair AJ. Metabolic phenotypes explain the relationship between dysglycaemia and frailty in older people with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2022;36:108144.
- Thein FS, Li Y, Nyunt MSZ, et al. Physical frailty and cognitive impairment is associated with diabetes and adversely impact functional status and mortality. Postgrad Med. 2018;130:561–567.
- Andreozzi F, Candido R, Corrao S, et al. Clinical inertia is the enemy of therapeutic success in the management of diabetes and its complications: a narrative literature review. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2020;12:52.
- Zafar A, Stone MA, Davies MJ, et al. Acknowledging and allocating responsibility for clinical inertia in the management of Type 2 diabetes in primary care: a qualitative study. Diabet Med. 2015;32(3):407–413.
- Odegard PS, Capoccia K. Medication taking and diabetes: a systematic review of the literature. Diabetes Educ. 2007;33:1011–1014.
- Sonmez A, Tasci I, Demirci I, et al. A cross-sectional study of overtreatment and deintensification of antidiabetic and antihypertensive medications in diabetes mellitus: the TEMD overtreatment study. Diabetes Therapy. 2020;11:1045–1059.