Association between hypertension and stroke in US adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2007 to 2018

References

• Roger V, Go A, Lloyd-Jones D, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2012 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2012;125(1):e2–e220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2095–2128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi AI, Ezzeddine MA, Nasar A, et al. Prevalence of elevated blood pressure in 563,704 adult patients with stroke presenting to the ED in the United States. Am J Emerg Med. 2007;25(1):32–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armario P, Mártin-Baranera M, Miguel Ceresuela L, et al. Blood pressure in the initial phase of acute ischaemic stroke: evolution and its role as an independent prognosis factor at discharge and after 3 months of follow-up. Blood Press. 2008;17(5–6):284–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonardi-Bee J, Bath PM, Phillips SJ, et al. Blood pressure and clinical outcomes in the International Stroke Trial. Stroke. 2002;33(5):1315–1320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vemmos KN, Tsivgoulis G, Spengos K, et al. U-shaped relationship between mortality and admission blood pressure in patients with acute stroke. J Intern Med. 2010;255(2):257–265. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14746563/
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stead LG, Gilmore RM, Decker WW, et al. Initial emergency department blood pressure as predictor of survival after acute ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2005;65(8):1179–1183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keezer MR, Yu A, Zhu B, et al. Blood pressure and antihypertensive therapy as predictors of early outcome in acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovascular Dis. 2008;25(3):202–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tikhonoff V, Zhang H, Richart T, et al. Blood pressure as a prognostic factor after acute stroke. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(10):938–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo J, Leira R, García M, et al. Blood pressure decrease during the acute phase of ischemic stroke is associated with brain injury and poor stroke outcome. Stroke. 2004;35(2):520–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lackland DT, Carey RM, Conforto AB, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials and hypertension guidelines on stroke and future cerebrovascular research. Stroke. 2018;49(3):772–779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doig D, Turner EL, Dobson J, et al. Risk factors for stroke, myocardial infarction, or death following carotid endarterectomy: results from the international carotid stenting study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2015;50(6):688–694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu L, Wang A, Wang X, et al. Factors for short-term outcomes in patients with a minor stroke: results from China National Stroke Registry. BMC Neurol. 2015;15(1):253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Jones D, Adams R, Carnethon M, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2009 update: a report from the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Circulation. 2009;119(3):e21–181. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19171871/.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Verter J, et al. Epidemiologic assessment of the role of blood pressure in stroke. The Framingham study. Jama. 1970;214(2):301–310. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5469068/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gradinaru D, Borsa C, Ionescu C, et al. Oxidized LDL and NO synthesis–Biomarkers of endothelial dysfunction and ageing. Mech Ageing Dev. 2015;151:101–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon BK, Smith EE, Coutts SB, et al. Leptomeningeal collaterals are associated with modifiable metabolic risk factors. Ann Neurol. 2013;74(2):241–248. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23536377/.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima FO, Furie KL, Silva GS, et al. The pattern of leptomeningeal collaterals on CT angiography is a strong predictor of long-term functional outcome in stroke patients with large vessel intracranial occlusion. Stroke. 2010;41(10):2316–2322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown DW, Dueker N, Jamieson DJ, et al. Preeclampsia and the risk of ischemic stroke among young women: results from the stroke prevention in young women study. Stroke. 2006;37(4):1055–1059.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcdonald SD, Malinowski A, Qi Z, et al. Cardiovascular sequelae of preeclampsia/eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Am Heart J. 2008;156(5):918–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cipolla MJ, Liebeskind DS, Chan SL. The importance of comorbidities in ischemic stroke: impact of hypertension on the cerebral circulation. J Cereb Blood Flow and Metab. 2018;38(12):2129–2149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2016 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2016;133(4):e38–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu Y, Hu L, Huang X, et al. BMI modifies the association between serum HDL cholesterol and stroke in a hypertensive population without atrial fibrillation. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021;44(1):173–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Sloten T, Sedaghat S, Carnethon M, et al. Cerebral microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes: stroke, cognitive dysfunction, and depression. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(4):325–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan SS, Ning H, Sinha A, et al. Cigarette smoking and competing risks for fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular disease subtypes across the life course. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(23):e021751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jillella DV, Crawford S, Lopez R, et al. Vascular risk factor prevalence and trends in native Americans With Ischemic Stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2022;31(6):106467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng J, Nfor O, Ho C, et al. Independent and interactive effects of sex and CYP2C9 variant rs4918758 on ischemic stroke risk in Taiwan Biobank. Int J Gen Med. 2022;15:3583–3589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomstrand A, Blomstrand C, Hakeberg M, et al. Forty-four-year longitudinal study of stroke incidence and risk factors - the prospective population study of women in gothenburg. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2022;40(1):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roerecke M. Alcohol’s impact on the cardiovascular system. Nutrients. 2021;13(10):3419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtin LR, Mohadjer LK, Dohrmann SM, et al. The national health and nutrition examination survey: sample design, 1999-2006. Vital Health Stat. 2012;155(155):1–39.
   Google Scholar
• Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parikh NS, Salehi Omran S, Kamel H, et al. Symptoms of depression and active smoking among survivors of stroke and myocardial infarction: an NHANES analysis. Prev Med. 2020;137:106131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nkemjika S, Ifebi E, Cowan L, et al. Association between serum folate and cardiovascular deaths among adults with hypertension. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2020;74(6):970–978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal DP. Cardioprotective effects of light-moderate consumption of alcohol: a review of putative mechanisms. Alcohol Alcohol. 2002;37(5):409–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronksley PE, Brien SE, Turner BJ, et al. Association of alcohol consumption with selected cardiovascular disease outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ (Clin Res Ed). 2011;342(feb22 1):d671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak W, Kozak A, Johnson MH, et al. Vascular protection with candesartan after experimental acute stroke in hypertensive rats: a dose-response study. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2008;326(3):773–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagai M, Terao S, Vital SA, et al. Role of blood cell-associated angiotensin II type 1 receptors in the cerebral microvascular response to ischemic stroke during angiotensin-induced hypertension. Exp Transl Stroke Med. 2011;3(1):15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thoene-Reineke C, Rumschüssel K, Schmerbach K, et al. Prevention and intervention studies with telmisartan, ramipril and their combination in different rat stroke models. PloS one. 2011;6(8):e23646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller M, Graaf Y, Visseren FL, et al. Hypertension and longitudinal changes in cerebral blood flow: the SMART-MR study. Ann Neurol. 2012;71(6):825–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halabi CM, Beyer AM, de Lange WJ, et al. Interference with PPAR gamma function in smooth muscle causes vascular dysfunction and hypertension. Cell Metab. 2008;7(3):215–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid E, Graham D, Lopez-Gonzalez MR, et al. Penumbra detection using PWI/DWI mismatch MRI in a rat stroke model with and without comorbidity: comparison of methods. J Cereb Blood Flow and Metab. 2012;32(9):1765–1777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzik A, Bushnell C. Stroke epidemiology and risk factor management. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2017;23(1, Cerebrovascular Disease):15–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ptgr A, Pjfpd C, Pgaf D, et al. Effects of antihypertensive treatment after acute stroke in the Continue or Stop Post-Stroke Antihypertensives Collaborative Study (COSSACS): a prospective, randomised, open, blinded-endpoint trial. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(8):767–775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar