Exploring a case for education about sexual and gender minorities in postgraduate emergency medicine training: forming recommendations for change

References

• Lien K, Vujcic B, Ng V. Attitudes, behaviour, and comfort of Canadian emergency medicine residents and physicians in caring for 2SLGBTQI+ patients. CJEM. 2021;23(5):617–625. doi: 10.1007/s43678-021-00160-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Basu G, Pels RJ, Stark RL, et al. Training internal medicine residents in social medicine and research-based health advocacy. Acad Med. 2017;92(4):515–520. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. General content of core training: emergency medicine competencies. https://www.royalcollege.ca/rcsite/documents/ibd/emergency-medecine-competencies-e.pdf. 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Counselman FL, Babu K, Edens MA, et al. The 2016 model of the clinical practice of emergency medicine. J Emerg Med. 2017;52(6):846–849. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.01.040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidge-Pitts C, Nippoldt TB, Danoff A, et al. Transgender health in endocrinology: current status of endocrinology fellowship programs and practicing clinicians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(4):1286–1290. doi: 10.1210/jc.2016-3007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGarry KA, Clarke JG, Landau C, et al. Caring for vulnerable populations: curricula in U.S. internal medicine residencies. J Homosex. 2008;54:225–232. doi: 10.1080/08873260801982064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marr A, Tang K, Feder SH, et al. Gender diversity training in Canadian paediatric postgraduate medical education: a needs assessment survey. Paediatr Child Health. 2021;26:e89–e95. doi: 10.1093/pch/pxz144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. General content of core training: objectives of training in pediatrics. http://www.royalcollege.ca/cs/groups/public/documents/document/y2vk/mdaw/~edisp/tztest3rcpsced000931.pdf. 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Oandasan I, Wong E, Saucier D, et al. Triple C: linking curriculum and assessment. Can Family Physician. 2012;58(10):1165–1167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruedas NG, Wall T, Wainwright C. Combating LGBTQþ health disparities by instituting a family medicine curriculum. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2021;56:364–373. doi: 10.1177/00912174211035206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCormick H, George RB. Sexual and gender minorities educational content within obstetric anesthesia fellowship programs: a survey. Can J Anaesth. 2020;67:532–540. doi: 10.1007/s12630-019-01562-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moll J, Krieger P, Moreno-Walton L, et al. The prevalence of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health education and training in emergency medicine residency programs: what do we know? Acad Emerg Med. 2014;21(5):608–611. doi: 10.1111/acem.12368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinekar K, Rush SK, Chiang S, et al. Educating obstetrics and gynecology residents on transgender patients. Obstet & Gynecol. 2019;133(4):691–699. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park AJ, Katz KA. Paucity of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health-related content in the basic dermatology curriculum. JAMA Dermatol. 2018;154(5):614. doi: 10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.6531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obedin-Maliver J, Goldsmith ES, Stewart L, et al. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender–related content in undergraduate medical education. JAMA. 2011;306(9). doi: 10.1001/jama.2011.1255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ufomata E, Eckstrand KL, Hasley P, et al. Comprehensive internal medicine residency curriculum on primary care of patients who identify as LGBT. LGBT Health. 2018;5(6):375–380. doi: 10.1089/lgbt.2017.0173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison SD, Wilson SC, Smith JR. Are we adequately preparing our trainees to care for transgender patients? J Grad Med Educ. 2017;9(2):258–258. doi: 10.4300/JGME-D-16-00712.1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosendale N, Josephson SA. Residency training: the need for an integrated diversity curriculum for neurology residency. Neurology. 2017;89(24):e284–e287. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimstad FW, Satterwhite CL, Wieneke CL. Assessing residency program approaches to the transgender health CREOG objective. Transgend Health. 2016;1:69–74. doi: 10.1089/trgh.2015.0011
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bowman SH, Moreno-Walton L, Ezenkwele UA, et al. Diversity in emergency medicine education: expanding the horizon. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18:S104–S109. doi: 10.1111/j.1553-2712.2011.01184.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber ME, Drescher J, Rosario V. The GAP online LGBT mental health curriculum. J Gay Lesbian Ment Health. 2012;16:41–48. DOI:10.1080/19359705.2012.630584
   Google Scholar
• Klein EW, Nakhai M. Caring for LGBTQ patients: methods for improving physician cultural competence. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2016;51(4):315–324. doi: 10.1177/0091217416659268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coutin A, Wright S, Li C, et al. Missed opportunities: are residents prepared to care for transgender patients? A study of family medicine, psychiatry, endocrinology, and urology residents. Can Med Educ J. 2018;9:e41–55. doi: 10.36834/cmej.42906
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moll J, Krieger P, Heron SL, et al. Attitudes, behavior, and comfort of emergency medicine residents in caring for lgbt patients: what do we know? AEM Educ Train. 2019;3:129–135. doi: 10.1002/aet2.10318
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayes V, Blondeau W, Bing-You RG. Assessment of medical student and resident/fellow knowledge, comfort, and training with sexual history taking in LGBTQ patients. Fam Med. 2015;47:383–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez NF, Rabatin J, Sanchez JP, et al. Medical students’ ability to care for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered patients. Fam Med. 2006;38:21–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honigberg MC, Eshel N, Luskin MR, et al. Curricular time, patient exposure, and comfort caring for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender patients among recent medical graduates. LGBT Health. 2017;4(3):237–239. doi: 10.1089/lgbt.2017.0029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowaskie DZ, Sowinski JS. Primary care providers’ attitudes, practices, and knowledge in treating LGBTQ communities. J Homosex. 2019;66:1927–1947. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2018.1519304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas DD, Safer JD. A simple intervention raised resident-physician willingness to assist transgender patients seeking hormone therapy. Endocr Pract. 2015;21(10):1134–1142. doi: 10.4158/EP15777.OR
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downing JM, Przedworski JM. Health of transgender adults in the U.S., 2014–2016. Am J Prev Med. 2018;55(3):336–344. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.04.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon KR, Tarasoff LA, Kia H. Predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors of trans-positive clinical behavior change: a summary of the literature. Int J Transgenderism. 2016;17(2):83–92. doi: 10.1080/15532739.2016.1179156
   Google Scholar
• Kelley L, Chou CL, Dibble SL, et al. A critical intervention in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health: knowledge and attitude outcomes among second-year medical students. Teach Learn Med. 2008;20(3):248–253. doi: 10.1080/10401330802199567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruen RL. Physician-citizens—public roles and professional obligations. JAMA. 2004;291(1):94. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.1.94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Medical Association. Graduate medical education directory 2000-2001. Chicago: American Medical Association; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• McPhail D, Rountree-James M, Whetter I. Addressing gaps in physician knowledge regarding transgender health and healthcare through medical education. Can Med Educ J. 2016;7:e70–78. doi: 10.36834/cmej.36785
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chisolm-Straker M, Willging C, Daul AD, et al. Transgender and gender-nonconforming patients in the emergency department: what physicians know, think, and do. Ann Emerg Med. 2018;71(2):183–188.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.09.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant JM, Mottet LA, Tanis J National transgender discrimination survey report on health and health care: findings of a study by the national Center for Transgender Equality and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force. 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Jaffee KD, Shires DA, Stroumsa D. Discrimination and delayed health care among transgender women and men. Med care. 2016;54(11):1010–1016. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels EA, Tape C, Garber N, et al. “Sometimes you feel like the freak show”: a qualitative assessment of emergency care experiences among transgender and gender-nonconforming patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2018;71(2):170–182.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.05.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legal L. Creating equal access to quality health care for transgender patients: transgender-affirming hospital policies. NY, USA: Lambda Legal; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Teti M, Kerr S, Bauerband LA, et al. A qualitative scoping review of transgender and gender non-conforming people’s physical healthcare experiences and needs. Front Public Health. 2021;9. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.598455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison SD, Chong HJ, Dy GW, et al. Educational exposure to transgender patient care in plastic surgery training. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138(4):944–953. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000002559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dy GW, Osbun NC, Morrison SD, et al. Exposure to and attitudes regarding transgender education among urology residents. J Sex Med. 2016;13(10):1466–1472. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.07.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massenburg BB, Morrison SD, Rashidi V, et al. Educational exposure to transgender patient care in otolaryngology training. J Craniofac Surg. 2018;29(5):1252–1257. doi: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000004609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores AR, Herman JL, Gates GJ, et al. How many adults identify as transgender in the United States? Los Angeles: Williams Institute; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Snelgrove JW, Jasudavisius AM, Rowe BW, et al. “Completely out-at-sea” with “two-gender medicine”: a qualitative analysis of physician-side barriers to providing healthcare for transgender patients. BMC Health Serv Res. 2012;12(1):110. doi: 10.1186/1472-6963-12-110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer GR, Scheim AI, Deutsch MB, et al. Reported emergency department avoidance, use, and experiences of transgender persons in Ontario, Canada: results from a respondent-driven sampling survey. Ann Emerg Med. 2014;63(6):713–20.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2013.09.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotondi NK, Bauer GR, Scanlon K, et al. Nonprescribed hormone use and self-performed surgeries: “do-it-yourself” transitions in transgender communities in Ontario, Canada. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(10):1830–1836. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legal L. When health care isn’t caring: lambda Legal’s survey on discrimination against LGBT people and people living with HIV. New York: Lambda Legal; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Stoddard J, Leibowitz SF, Ton H, et al. Improving medical education about gender-variant youth and transgender adolescents. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2011;20(4):779–791. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2011.07.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter S, Diamond M, Green J, et al. Transgender people: health at the margins of society. Lancet. 2016;388(10042):390–400. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00683-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White Hughto JM, Reisner SL, Pachankis JE. Transgender stigma and health: a critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions. Soc Sci Med. 2015;147:222–231. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalili J, Leung LB, Diamant AL. Finding the perfect doctor: identifying lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender–competent physicians. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(6):1114–1119. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachmann LH, Grimley DM, Gao H, et al. Impact of a computer-assisted, provider-delivered intervention on sexual risk behaviors in HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM) in a primary care setting. AIDS Educ Prev. 2013;25(2):87–101. doi: 10.1521/aeap.2013.25.2.87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price J, Price D, Williams G, et al. Changes in medical student attitudes as they progress through a medical course. J Med Ethics. 1998;24:110–117. doi: 10.1136/jme.24.2.110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGarry KA, Clarke JG, Cyr MG, et al. Evaluating a lesbian and gay health care curriculum. Teach Learn Med. 2002;14(4):244–248. doi: 10.1207/S15328015TLM1404_8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neal J, Thrush CR, Gathright M, et al. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (lgbt) content representation on the psychiatry resident in-training examination, 2009–2013. J Gay Lesbian Ment Health. 2015;19:320–327. doi: 10.1080/19359705.2015.1039427
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruse MI, Bigham BL, Voloshin D, et al. Care of sexual and gender minorities in the emergency department: a scoping review. Ann Emerg Med. 2022;79(2):196–212. doi: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2021.09.422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniel H, Butkus R. Health and public policy committee of American college of physicians. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender health disparities: executive summary of a policy position paper from the American college of physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(2):135–137. doi: 10.7326/M14-2482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine (US). Committee on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health Issues and Research Gaps and Opportunities. In: Garofalo, Robert, editor. The health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. Washington DC: The National Academies Press; 2011. p. 65.
   Google Scholar
• Rossman K, Salamanca P, Macapagal K. A qualitative study examining young adults’ experiences of disclosure and nondisclosure of LGBTQ identity to health care providers. J Homosex. 2017;64:1390–1410. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2017.1321379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallans RK. Lessons from a transgender patient for health care professionals. AMA J Ethics. 2016;18:1139–1146.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rondahl G. Students’ inadequate knowledge about lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons. Int J Nurs Educ Scholarsh. 2009;6. doi: 10.2202/1548-923X.1718
   Google Scholar
• Alpert AB, CichoskiKelly EM, Fox AD. What lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex patients say doctors should know and do: a qualitative study. J Homosex. 2017;64:1368–1389. doi: 10.1080/00918369.2017.1321376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kates J, Ranji U, Beamesderfer A, et al. Health and access to care and coverage for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals in the U.S. San Francisco: Kaiser Family Foundation; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Veltman A, Chaimowitz G. Mental health care for people who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and (or) queer. Can J Psychiatry. 2014;59:1–8. doi: 10.1037/a0015932
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Endocrine Society. Transgender health position statement. Washington DC: Endocrine Society; 2020. https://www.endocrine.org/advocacy/position-statements/transgender-health
   Google Scholar
• Vance SR, Halpern-Felsher BL, Rosenthal SM. Health care providers’ comfort with and barriers to care of transgender youth. J Adolesc Health. 2015;56(2):251–253. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonvicini KA. LGBT healthcare disparities: what progress have we made? Patient Educ Couns. 2017;100(12):2357–2361. doi: 10.1016/j.pec.2017.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN General Assembly. Transforming our world : the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. New York: United Nations; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Levin S, Mayer G. American medical association. statement of the American medical association to the institute of medicine re: lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) health issues and research gaps and opportunities. 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschtritt ME, Noy G, Haller E, et al. LGBT-Specific education in general psychiatry residency programs: a survey of program directors. Acad Psychiatry. 2019;43(1):41–45. doi: 10.1007/s40596-018-1008-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fakhoury JW, Daveluy S. Incorporating lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender training into a residency program. Dermatol Clin. 2020;38(2):285–292. doi: 10.1016/j.det.2019.10.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosman KA, AhnAllen CG, Fromson JA. A call to action: the need for integration of transgender topics in psychiatry education. Acad Psychiatry. 2019;43(1):82–88. doi: 10.1007/s40596-018-0966-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance SR, Lasofsky B, Ozer E, et al. Using E-Learning to enhance interdisciplinary pediatric learners’ transgender-related objective knowledge, self-perceived knowledge and clinical self-efficacy. J Adolesc Health. 2018;62(2):S104–S105. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.11.212
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vance SR, Deutsch MB, Rosenthal SM, et al. Enhancing pediatric trainees’ and students’ knowledge in providing care to transgender youth. J Adolesc Health. 2017;60(4):425–430. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.11.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rannelli L, Tang K, Kachra R, et al. Integrating the health of socially vulnerable populations into residency programs. Can Journ Gen Int Med. 2018;13:13. doi: 10.22374/cjgim.v13i1.225
   Google Scholar
• Sharma M, Pinto AD, Kumagai AK. Teaching the social determinants of health: a path to equity or a road to nowhere? Acad Med. 2018;93(1):25–30. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumagai AK, Lypson ML. Beyond cultural competence: critical consciousness, social justice, and multicultural education. Acad Med. 2009;84(6):782–787. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181a42398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Primavesi R, Burcheri A, Bigham BL, et al. Education about sexual and gender minorities within Canadian emergency medicine residency programs. CJEM. 2022;24(2):135–143. doi: 10.1007/s43678-021-00236-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar