Influence of defects on damage tolerance of Metal-Injection-Molded β titanium alloys under static and dynamic loading

References

• Kolli RP, Devaraj A. A review of metastable beta titanium alloys. Metals (Basel). 2018;8(7):506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leyens C, Peters M. Titanium and titanium alloys: fundamentals and applications. Germany: Wiley-VCH, Weinheim; 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Froes F, Bomberger H. The beta titanium alloys. JOM. 1985;37(7):28–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niinomi M, Nakai M, Hieda J. Development of new metallic alloys for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater. 2012;8(11):3888–3903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen L-Y, Cui Y-W, Zhang L-C. Recent development in beta titanium alloys for biomedical applications. Metals (Basel). 2020;10(9):1139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang ZZ, Paramore JD, Sun P, et al. Powder metallurgy of titanium–past, present, and future. Int Mater Rev. 2018;63(7):407–459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• German R. Progress in titanium metal powder injection molding. Materials (Basel). 2013;6(8):3641–3662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang ZZ, Paramore JD, Sun P, et al. Powder metallurgy of titanium – past, present, and future. Int Mater Rev. 2018;63(7):407–459.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kainer KU, Ebel T, Ferri OM, et al. From titanium to magnesium: processing by advanced metal injection moulding. Powder Metall. 2012;55(4):315–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu P, Pyczak F, Yan M, et al. Tensile toughening of powder-injection-molded β Ti-Nb-Zr biomaterials by adjusting TiC particle distribution from aligned to dispersed pattern,. Appl Mater Today. 2020;19:100630.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferri OM, Ebel T, Bormann R. Influence of surface quality and porosity on fatigue behaviour of Ti–6Al–4 V components processed by MIM. Mater Sci Eng A. 2010;527(7):1800–1805.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferri OM, Ebel T, Bormann R. High cycle fatigue behaviour of Ti–6Al–4 V fabricated by metal injection moulding technology. Mater Sci Eng A. 2009;504(1):107–113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hidalgo AA, Ebel T, Limberg W, et al. Influence of oxygen on the fatigue behaviour of Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy. Key Eng Mater. 2016;704:44–52.
   Google Scholar
• Lindemann J, Buque C, Appel F. Effect of shot peening on fatigue performance of a lamellar titanium aluminide alloy. Acta Mater. 2006;54(4):1155–1164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu P. Enhancement of tensile fracture resistance of metal-injection-molded β titanium alloys biomaterials via diverse sintering pathways Verbesserung der Zugbruchfestigkeit von in Metallspritzguss geformten Biomaterialien aus β-Titanlegierungen über verschiedene Sinterwege, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao D, Chang K, Ebel T, et al. Microstructure and mechanical behavior of metal injection molded Ti–Nb binary alloys as biomedical material. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2013;28:171–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao D, Chang K, Ebel T, et al. Sintering behavior and mechanical properties of a metal injection molded Ti–Nb binary alloy as biomaterial. J Alloys Compd. 2015;640:393–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu P, Pyczak F, Yan M, et al. Impacts of yttrium on microstructure and tensile properties of biomedical β Ti-Nb-Zr fabricated by metal injection molding. Mater Sci Eng A. 2020;792:139816.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Limberg, R. Willumeit, F. Pyczak, T. Ebel, Metal injection moulding (MIM) of Ti-6Al-4V HDH-powder with high oxygen content, achieving high strength and high ductility by addition of yttrium, European Congress and Exhibition on Powder Metallurgy. European PM Conference Proceedings, The European Powder Metallurgy Association, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Obasi GC, Ferri OM, Ebel T, et al. Influence of processing parameters on mechanical properties of Ti–6Al–4 V alloy fabricated by MIM. Mater Sci Eng A. 2010;527(16):3929–3935.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou C, Lin F, Sun P, et al. A novel method for densification of titanium using hydrogenation-induced expansion under constrained conditions. Scripta Mater. 2022;210:114432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paramore JD, Fang ZZ, Sun P, et al. A powder metallurgy method for manufacturing Ti-6Al-4V with wrought-like microstructures and mechanical properties via hydrogen sintering and phase transformation (HSPT). Scripta Mater. 2015;107:103–106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao F, Chandran KSR, Kumar P. New approach to achieve high strength powder metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V alloy through accelerated sintering at β-transus temperature and hydrogenation-dehydrogenation treatment. Scripta Mater. 2017;130:22–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebel T, Ferri O. Processing of Ti-15V-3Al-3Sn-3Cr by metal injection moulding. Proc Eur. 2011;2:265–270.
   Google Scholar
• Sagara K, Nishida M, Kang H, et al. Fabrication of super-elastic Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy compacts by MIM process. J Jpn Soc Powder Powder Metall. 2011;58(6):361–366.
   Google Scholar
• Kafkas F, Ebel T. Metallurgical and mechanical properties of Ti–24Nb–4Zr–8Sn alloy fabricated by metal injection molding. J Alloys Compd. 2014;617:359–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidaux J-E, Pasquier R, Rodriguez-Arbaizar M, et al. Low elastic modulus Ti–17Nb processed by powder injection moulding and post-sintering heat treatments. Powder Metall. 2014;57(5):320–323.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagaram AB, Ebel T. Development of Ti-22Nb-Xzr using metal injection moulding for biomedical applications,. Key Eng Mater Trans Tech Publ. 2016;704:334–342.
   Google Scholar
• Devaraj A, Joshi VV, Srivastava A, et al. A low-cost hierarchical nanostructured beta-titanium alloy with high strength. Nat Commun. 2016;7:11176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos PF, Niinomi M, Liu H, et al. Fabrication of low-cost beta-type Ti–Mn alloys for biomedical applications by metal injection molding process and their mechanical properties. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2016;59:497–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho K, Niinomi M, Nakai M, et al. Improvement in mechanical strength of low-cost β-type Ti–Mn alloys fabricated by metal injection molding through cold rolling. J Alloys Compd. 2016;664:272–283.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidaux J, Comby F, Rodriguez-Arbaizar M, et al. Powder injection moulding of low modulus Ti-13Nb-13Zr for implant application, European Congress and exhibition on powder metallurgy. European PM Conference proceedings. The European Powder Metallurgy Association. 2016: 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Bidaux JE, Hidalgo AA, Girard H, et al. Metal injection moulding of superelastic TiNi parts, Key Eng Mater Trans Tech Publ. 2016;704:173–182.
   Google Scholar
• Luo X, Ebel T, Pyczak F, et al. Carbide evolution and its potential reduction methods in Ti-22Nb based alloys prepared by metal injection moulding. Mater Lett. 2017;193:295–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebel T, Beißig T, Ebner S, et al. Reduction of the embrittlement effect of binder contamination in MIM processing of Ti alloys. Powder Metall. 2017;60(3):157–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos PF, Niinomi M, Cho K, et al. Effects of Mo addition on the mechanical properties and microstructures of Ti-Mn alloys fabricated by metal injection molding for biomedical applications. Mater Trans. 2017;58(2):271–279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu W, Lu X, Wang L, et al. Mechanical properties, in vitro corrosion resistance and biocompatibility of metal injection molded Ti-12Mo alloy for dental applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2018;88:534–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu S, Zhou C, Liu Y, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-15Mo-xTiC composites fabricated by in-situ reactive sintering and hot swaging. J Alloys Compd. 2018;738:188–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Xu, T. Ebel, F. Pyczak, Effects of processing defects on damage tolerance of sintered β titanium alloys under static and dynamic loading, European Congress and Exhibition on powder metallurgy. European PM Conference Proceedings, The European Powder Metallurgy Association, Lisbon, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Xu P, Pyczak F, Limberg W, et al. Superior fatigue endurance exempt from high processing cleanliness of Metal-Injection-Molded β Ti-Nb-Zr for bio-tolerant applications. Mater Des. 2021;211:110141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baril E, Lefebvre LP, Thomas Y. Interstitial elements in titanium powder metallurgy: sources and control. Powder Metall. 2011;54(3):183–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh Y, Miura H, Uematsu T, et al. Effect of Fe or Cr addition on the strengthening Ti-6Al-4V alloy by metal injection molding. J Solid Mech Mater Eng. 2009;3(6):921–930.
   Google Scholar
• Yan M, Qian M, Kong C, et al. Impacts of trace carbon on the microstructure of as-sintered biomedical Ti–15Mo alloy and reassessment of the maximum carbon limit. Acta Biomater. 2014;10(2):1014–1023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang L, Geng L, Peng H. Microstructurally inhomogeneous composites: is a homogeneous reinforcement distribution optimal? Prog Mater Sci. 2015;71:93–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He Z, Ma J. Densification and grain growth during interface reaction controlled sintering of alumina ceramics. Ceram Int. 2001;27(3):261–264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• German RM. Sintering theory and practice. New York: Wiley-VCH; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Ogden H, Jaffee R. The effects of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen on the mechanical properties of titanium and titanium alloys. Columbus, OH: Battelle Memorial Inst. Titanium Metallurgical Lab.; 1955.
   Google Scholar
• Yan M, Xu W, Dargusch MS, et al. Review of effect of oxygen on room temperature ductility of titanium and titanium alloys. Powder Metall. 2014;57(4):251–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebel T, Milagres Ferri O, Limberg W, et al. Metal injection moulding of titanium and titanium-aluminides. Key Eng Mater. 2012;520:153–160.
   Google Scholar
• German R. Carbon control: an important discriminant in metal injection molding. Powder Metall Technol. 2016;5:13.
   Google Scholar
• Launey ME, Ritchie RO. On the fracture toughness of advanced materials. Adv Mater 2009;21(20):2103–2110.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie RO. The conflicts between strength and toughness. Nat Mater. 2011;10(11):817–822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Sun B, Imai H, et al. Powder metallurgy Ti–TiC metal matrix composites prepared by in situ reactive processing of Ti-VGCFs system. Carbon N Y. 2013;61:216–228.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li S, Kondoh K, Imai H, et al. Strengthening behavior of in situ-synthesized (TiC–TiB)/Ti composites by powder metallurgy and hot extrusion. Mater Des. 2016;95:127–132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunstan MK, Paramore JD, Fang ZZ. The effects of microstructure and porosity on the competing fatigue failure mechanisms in powder metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V. Int J Fatigue. 2018;116:584–591.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunstan MK, Paramore JD, Fang ZZ, et al. Analysis of microstructural facet fatigue failure in ultra-fine grained powder metallurgy Ti-6Al-4V produced through hydrogen sintering. Int J Fatigue. 2020;131:105355.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar