Literature Cited
- Adams , E. , Florence , C. , Thorpe , K. , Becker , E. and Joski , C. 2003 . Preventive care: Female cancer screening, 1996–2000 . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 25 : 301 – 7 .
- Amey , C. , Miller , M. and Albrecht , S. 1997 . The role of race and residence in determining stage at diagnosis of breast cancer . Journal of Rural Health , 13 : 99 – 108 .
- Anselin , L. , Syabri , I. and Koh , Y. 2006 . GEODA: An introduction to spatial data analysis . Geographical Analysis , 38 : 5 – 22 .
- Barrett , K. and Legg , J. 2005 . Demographic and health factors associated with mammography utilization . American Journal of Health Promotion , 19 : 401 – 5 .
- Barry , J. and Breen , N. 2005 . The importance of place of residence in predicting late-stage diagnosis of breast or cervical cancer . Health and Place , 11 : 15 – 29 .
- Bennett , C. , Ferreira , M. , Davis , T. , Kaplan , J. , Weinberger , M. , Kuzel , T. , Seday , M. A. and Sartor , O. 1998 . Relation between literacy, race, and stage of presentation among low-income patients with prostate cancer . Journal of Clinical Oncology , 16 : 3101 – 4 .
- Brabyn , L. and Gower , P. 2003 . “ Mapping accessibility to general practitioners ” . In Geographic information systems and health applications , Edited by: Khan , O. and Skinner , R. 289 – 307 . Hershey, PA : Idea Group Publishing .
- Bradley , C. , Given , C. and Roberts , C. 2001 . Disparities in cancer diagnosis and survival . Cancer , 91 : 178 – 88 .
- Bradley , C. , Given , C. and Roberts , C. 2002 . Race, socioeconomic status and breast cancer treatment and survival . Journal of the National Cancer Institute , 94 : 490 – 96 .
- Cameron , A. and Trivedi , P. 1998 . Regression analysis of count data , Cambridge, U.K. : Cambridge University Press .
- Cooper , R. 1994 . Seeking a balanced physician work-force for the 21st century . Journal of the American Medical Association , 272 : 680 – 87 .
- Cross , C. K. , Harris , J. and Recht , A. 2002 . Race, socioeconomic status, and breast carcinoma in the U.S.: What have we learned from clinical studies? . Cancer , 95 : 1988 – 99 .
- Cui , Y. , Whiteman , M. , Langenberg , P. , Sexton , M. , Tkaczuk , K. , Flaws , J. and Bush , T. 2002 . Can obesity explain the racial difference in stage of breast cancer at diagnosis between black and white women? . Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine , 11 : 527 – 36 .
- Diehr , P. 1984 . Small area statistics: Large statistical problems . American Journal of Public Health , 74 : 313 – 14 .
- Eley , J. W. , Hill , H. A. , Chen , V. W. , Austin , D. F. , Wesley , M. N. , Muss , H. B. , Greenberg , R. S. , Coates , R. J. , Correa , P. and Redmond , C. K. 1994 . Racial differences in survival from breast cancer–Results of the National Cancer Institute Black/White survival study . Journal of the American Medical Association , 272 : 947 – 54 .
- Engelmann , K. , Hawley , D. , Gazaway , R. , Mozier , M. , Ahluwalia , A. and Ellerbeck , E. 2002 . Impact of geographic barriers on the utilization of mammograms by older rural women . Journal of the American Geriatric Society , 50 : 62 – 68 .
- Field , K. 2000 . Measuring the need for primary health care: An index of relative disadvantage . Applied Geography , 20 : 305 – 32 .
- Goel , M. , Wee , C. , McCarthy , E. , Davis , R. , Ngo-Metzger , Q. and Phillips , R. 2003 . Racial and ethnic disparities in cancer screening: The importance of foreign birth as a barrier to care . Journal of General Internal Medicine , 18 : 1028 – 35 .
- Goodchild , M. , Anselin , L. and Deichmann , U. 1993 . A framework for the interpolation of socioeconomic data . Environment and Planning A , 25 : 383 – 97 .
- Goodchild , M. and Lam , N. S. 1980 . A real interpolation: A variant of the traditional spatial problem . Geoprocessing , 1 : 297 – 331 .
- Grubesic , T. . Zip codes and spatial analysis: Problems and prospects . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers . Chicago.
- Hart , G. 2006 . Rural-urban commuting areas codes, version 2.0 http://depts.washington.edu/uwruca/ http://www.doh.wa.gov/Data/guidelines/RuralUrban.htm#Ruca(last accessed 13 November 2007)
- Jacobellis , J. and Cutter , G. 2002 . Mammography screening and differences in stage of disease by race/ethnicity . American Journal of Public Health , 92 : 1144 – 50 .
- Jacquez , J. and Greiling , J. 2003 . Local clustering of breast, lung and colorectal cancer in Long Island, New York . International Journal of Health Geographics , 2 ( 1 ) : 3
- Joseph , A. and Phillips , D. 1984 . Accessibility and utilization: Geographical perspectives on health care delivery , New York : Harper & Row .
- Kirby , R. 1996 . Toward congruence between theory and practice in small area analysis and local public health data . Statistics in Medicine , 15 : 1859 – 66 .
- Knapp , K. and Hardwick , K. 2000 . The availability and distribution of dentists in rural ZIP codes and primary care health professional shortage areas (PC-HPSA) ZIP codes: Comparison with primary care providers . Journal of Public Health Dentistry , 60 : 43 – 49 .
- Lannin , D. , Mathews , H. , Mitchell , J. , Swanson , M. , Swanson , F. and Edwards , M. 1998 . Influence of socioeconomic and cultural factors on racial differences in late-stage presentation of breast cancer . Journal of American Medical Association , 279 : 1801 – 7 .
- Lee , P. 1995 . Health system reform and generalist physician . Academic Medicine , 70 : S10 – S13 .
- Lehnerr , M. and Havener , L. 2002 . Assessment of interstate exchange of cancer data: Illinois, 1986–1998 , Springfield : Illinois State Department of Public Health .
- Liff , J. , Chow , W. and Greenberg , R. 1991 . Rural–urban differences in stage at diagnosis: Possible relationship to cancer screening . Cancer , 67 : 1454 – 59 .
- Lin , G. and Zhang , T. 2007 . Loglinear residual tests of Moran's I autocorrelation and their applications to Kentucky breast cancer data . Geographical Analysis , 39 : 293 – 310 .
- Luo , W. and Wang , F. 2003 . Measures of spatial accessibility to healthcare in a GIS environment: Synthesis and a case study in Chicago region . Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design , 30 : 865 – 8 .
- Mandelblatt , J. , Andrews , H. , Kerner , J. , Zauber , A. and Burnett , W. 1991 . Determinants of late stage at diagnosis for breast and cervical cancer: The impact of age, race, social class and hospital type . American Journal of Public Health , 81 : 646 – 49 .
- Marchick , J. and Henson , D. 2005 . Correlations between access to mammography and breast cancer stage at diagnosis . Cancer , 103 : 1571 – 80 .
- McLafferty , S. 2003 . GIS and health care . Annual Reviews of Public Health , 24 : 25 – 42 .
- Meade , S. and Earickson , R. 2000 . Medical geography, , 2nd ed , New York : Guilford .
- Merkin , S. , Stevenson , L. and Rowe , N. 2002 . Geographic socioeconomic status, race, and advanced-stage breast cancer in New York City . American Journal of Public Health , 92 : 64 – 70 .
- Mullins , D. 1999 . An overview of cancer economics (based on a presentation) . American Journal of Managed Care , 5S : 371 – 76 .
- Ng , E. , Wilkins , R. and Perras , A. 1993 . How far is it to the nearest hospital? Calculating distances using the Statistics Canada Postal Code Conversion File . Health Report , 5 : 179 – 88 .
- Oluwole , S. , Ali , A. , Adu , A. , Blane , B. , Barlow , B. , Oropeza , R. and Freeman , H. 2003 . Impact of a cancer screening program on breast cancer stage at diagnosis in a medically underserved urban community . Journal of the American College of Surgeons , 196 : 180 – 88 .
- Parker , E. and Campbell , J. 1998 . Measuring access to primary medical care: Some examples of the use of geographical information systems . Health and Place , 4 : 183 – 93 .
- Roche , L. , Skinner , R. and Weinstein , R. 2002 . Use of a geographic information system to identify and characterize areas with high proportions of distant stage breast cancer . Journal of Public Health Management and Practice , 8 : 26 – 32 .
- Roetzheim , R. , Pal , N. , Tennant , C. , Voti , L. , Ayanian , J. , Schwabe , A. and Krischer , J. 1999 . Effects of health insurance and race on early detection of cancer . Journal of the National Cancer Institute , 91 : 1409 – 15 .
- Rosenblatt , R. and Lishner , D. 1991 . Surplus or shortage? Unraveling the physician supply conundrum . West Journal of Medicine , 154 : 43 – 50 .
- Schootman , M. and Sun , D. 2004 . Small-area incidence trends in breast cancer . Epidemiology , 15 : 300 – 307 .
- Schwartz , K. , Crossley-May , H. , Vigneau , F. , Brown , K. and Banerjee , M. 2003 . Race, socioeconomic status and stage at diagnosis for five common malignancies . Cancer Causes and Control , 14 : 761 – 66 .
- Sheehan , J. and DeChello , L. 2005 . A space–time analysis of the proportion of late stage breast cancer in Massachusetts, 1988 to 1997 . International Journal of Health Geographics , 4 : 15
- Spatial Analysis Laboratory, University of Illinois . 2006 . Urbana-Champaign, IL : Department of Geography, University of Illinois . https:www.geoda.uiuc.edu/ GeoDa 0.95i (last accessed 15 November 2007)
- Spitler , H. , Mayo , R. and Parker , V. 2001 . Patterns of breast, cervical, colorectal, and prostate cancer in the Appalachian region of South Carolina . Ethnicity & Disease , 11 : 51 – 59 .
- Thomas , A. and Carlin , B. 2003 . Late detection of breast and colorectal cancer in Minnesota counties: An application of spatial smoothing and clustering . Statistics in Medicine , 22 : 113 – 27 .
- Vinnakota , S. and Lam , N. 2006 . Socioeconomic inequality of cancer mortality in the United States: A spatial data mining approach . International Journal of Health Geographics , 5 : 9
- Wang , F. 2003 . Job proximity and accessibility for workers of various wage groups . Urban Geography , 24 : 253 – 71 .
- Wang , F. 2006 . Quantitative methods and applications in GIS , London : CRC Press .
- Wang , F. and Luo , W. 2005 . Assessing spatial and nonspatial factors in healthcare access in Illinois: Towards an integrated approach to defining health professional shortage areas . Health and Place , 11 : 131 – 46 .
- Wang , F. and O'Brien , C. 2005 . “ Constructing geographic areas for analysis of homicide in small populations: Testing herding-culture-of-honor proposition ” . In Geographic information systems and crime analysis , Edited by: Wang , F. 84 – 100 . Hershey, PA : Idea Group .
- Zenk , S. , Tarlov , E. and Sun , J. 2006 . Spatial equity in facilities providing low-or no-fee screening mammography in Chicago neighborhoods . Journal of Urban Health , 83 : 195 – 210 .