Beyond the Favelas: An Analysis of Intraurban Poverty Patterns in Brazil

Literature Cited

• Abramo, P. 2009. Mercado imobiliário informal: A porta de entrada nas favelas brasileiras (Introduction) [Informal real estate market: The gateway to Brazilian favelas]. In Mercado imobiliário informal: A porta de entrada nas favelas brasileiras, ed. P. Abramo and A. Porto, 4–14. Brasil: Coleção Habitare.
   Google Scholar
• Abreu, M. de A. 1994. Reconstruindo uma história esquecida: Origem e expansão inicial das favelas no Rio de Janeiro [Reconstructing a forgotten history: Origin and initial expansion of favelas in Rio de Janeiro]. Espaço & Debates 37:34–46.
   Google Scholar
• Alvito, M. 2001. As cores de acari uma favela carioca [The colors of Acari: A Rio de Janeiro’s favela]. Rio de Janeiro: FGV.
   Google Scholar
• Arabindoo, P. 2011. Rhetoric of the “slum.” City: Analysis of Urban Change, Theory, Action 15 (6):37–41. doi: 10.1080/13604813.2011.609002.
   Google Scholar
• Bigman, D., and H. Fofack. 2000. Geographical targeting for poverty alleviation: An introduction to the special issue. The World Bank Economic Review 14 (1):129–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigman, D., and P. V. Srinivasan. 2002. Geographical targeting of poverty alleviation programs: Methodology and applications in rural India. Journal of Policy Modeling 24 (3):237–55. doi: 10.1016/S0161-8938(02)00108-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, 2008. Regiões de influência das cidades [Regions of influence of cities]. Rio de Janeiro: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, 2010a. Censo demográfico: 2010 [Demographic census: 2010]. Rio de Janeiro: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, 2010b. Censo demográfico: 2010: Aglomerados subnormais: Informações territoriais [Demographic census: 2010: Subnormal settlements: Territorial information]. Rio de Janeiro: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Accessed July 2, 2019. https://censo2010.ibge.gov.br/resultados.html.
   Google Scholar
• Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, 2018. Tipologia IntraUrbana [Intraurban typology]. Rio de Janeiro: Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Brum, M. S. 2012. Ditadura civil-militar e favelas: Estigma e restrições ao debate sobre a cidade (1969–1973) [Civil-military dictatorship and favelas: Stigma and restrictions on the debate about the city (1969-1973)]. Cadernos Metrópole 14 (28):357–79.
   Google Scholar
• Carra, G., I. Mulalic, M. Fosgerau, and M. Barthelemy. 2016. Modelling the relation between income and commuting distance. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 13 (119):20160306. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho, C. 2016. “Cidades” dentro da cidade? A estrutura socioespacial de favelas cariocas no período lula (2003-2010) [“Cities” within the city? The socio-spatial structure of Rio's favelas during the Lula period (2003-2010)]. MSc dissertation, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho, C., F. Fridman, and J. Strauch. 2019. Desigualdade, escala e políticas públicas: Uma análise espacial dos equipamentos públicos nas favelas cariocas [Inequality, scale and public policies: A spatial analysis of public facilities in Rio’s favelas]. Urbe 11 (2):1–12. doi: 10.1590/2175-3369.011.002.AO04.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallieri, F., F. L. Oliveira, A. V. S. Sales, A. C. A. Santos, and R. L. D. Tavares. 2016. Caracterização e tipologia dos assentamentos precários brasileiros: O caso do Rio de Janeiro [Characterization and typology of Brazilian precarious settlements: The case of Rio de Janeiro]. In Caracterização e tipologia de assentamentos precários: Estudos de caso brasileiros, ed. M. P. Morais, C. Krause, and V. C. Lima Neto, 411–63. Brasília, Brasil: Instituto de Economia Aplicada.
   Google Scholar
• Chatterjee, K., S. Chng, B. Clark, A. Davis, J. De Vos, D. Ettema, S. Handy, A. Martin, and L. Reardon. 2020. Commuting and wellbeing: A critical overview of the literature with implications for policy and future research. Transport Reviews 40 (1):5–30. doi: 10.1080/01441647.2019.1649317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, B., K. Chatterjee, A. Martin, and A. Davis. 2020. How commuting affects subjective wellbeing. Transportation 47 (6):2777–805. doi: 10.1007/s11116-019-09983-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotelo, F. C., and J. M. Rodrigues. 2012. Favela and periphery as spaces of poverty: A study on urban configuration of Brazilian metropolitan areas. Paper presented at the North American Regional Science Conference, Ottawa, August.
   Google Scholar
• Cuberes, D., and J. Roberts. 2015. Household location and income: A spatial analysis for British cities. Sheffield Economic Research Paper Series, Institute for Economic Analysis of Decision-making, Sheffield, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Elbers, C., T. Fujii, P. Lanjouw, B. Özler, and W. Yin. 2007. Poverty alleviation through geographic targeting: How much does disaggregation help? Journal of Development Economics 83 (1):198–213. doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2006.02.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feitosa, F. F., G. Câmara, A. M. V. Monteiro, T. Koschitzki, and M. P. S. Silva. 2007. Global and local spatial indices of urban segregation. International Journal of Geographical Information Science 21 (3):299–323. doi: 10.1007/s11116-019-09983-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, L. 1996. A new and improved model of Latin American city structure. Geographical Review 86 (3):437–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• França, D. 2017. Segregação residencial em são paulo: Residências, redes pessoais e trajetórias urbanas de negros e brancos no século XXI [Residential segregation in São Paulo: Residences, personal networks and urban trajectories of Blacks and Whites in the 21st century]. Universidade de São Paulo.
   Google Scholar
• Fridman, F. 1994. Propriedade fundiária, habitação e processo de urbanização no Rio de Janeiro [Land ownership, housing and the urbanization process in Rio de Janeiro]. Cadernos IPPUR 8 (2):79–93.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, A. 2007. The return of the slum: Does language matter? International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 31 (4):697–713. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2007.00754.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert, A. 2009. Extreme thinking about slums and slum dwellers: A critique. SAIS Review XXIX 29 (1). doi: 10.1353/sais.0.0031.
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, A. 2013. How to help, and how not to help, the poor in the megacities of the South. City 17 (5):628–35. doi: 10.1080/13604813.2013.827838.
   Google Scholar
• Gonçalves, R. S. 2012. O mercado de aluguel nas favelas cariocas e sua regularização numa perspectiva histórica [The rental market in Rio’s favelas and their settlement from a historical perspective]. GEOgraphia 13 (26):114–35. doi: 10.22409/GEOgraphia2011.v13i26.a13627.
   Google Scholar
• Griffin, E., and L. Ford. 1980. A model of Latin American city structure. Geographical Review 70 (4):397–422. doi: 10.2307/214076.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, Y., F. Wang, C. Guin, and H. Zhu. 2018. A spatio-temporal kernel density estimation framework for predictive crime hotspot mapping and evaluation. Applied Geography 99:89–97. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.08.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Instituto Perreira Passos. 2020. O Espaço Urbano—População, área construída residencial e área construída residencial média por habitante, segundo as Áreas de Planejamento e Regiões Administrativas [The Urban Space - Population, residential built area and average residential built area per inhabitant, according to the Planning and Administrative Areas]. Accessed March, 1, 2020. http://www.data.rio/datasets/8ef29d75cedf4d61b6d8f2465420a989.
   Google Scholar
• Kilsztajna, S., A. Rossbach, M. Carmo, G. Sugahara, E. Lopes, and L. Lima. 2009. Aluguel e rendimento domiciliar no brasil [Rent and household income in Brazil]. Revista de Economia Contemporânea 13 (1):113–34. doi: 10.1590/S1415-98482009000100005.
   Google Scholar
• Lago, L. C. 2003. Favela-loteamento: Reconceituando os termos da ilegalidade e da segregação urbana [Favela-loteamento: Reconceptualizing the terms of illegality and urban segregation]. Cadernos Metrópole 9:119–33.
   Google Scholar
• Lago, L. C., and L. Q. C. Ribeiro. 1996. A casa própria em tempo de crise: Os novos padrões de provisão de moradia nas grandes cidades [Home ownership in times of crisis: New standards for housing provision in large cities]. In A crise da moradia nas grandes cidades, ed. L. C. de Queiroz and S. Azevedo, 33–48. Rio de Janeiro: Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro.
   Google Scholar
• Leeds, A. 1969. The significant variable determining the character of squatter settlements. America Latina 12 (3):44–86.
   Google Scholar
• Lima, M., and I. Prates. 2019. Racial inequalities in Brazil: A persistent challenge. In Paths of inequality in Brazil: A half-century of changes, ed. M. Arretche, 113–34. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Lucci, P., T. Bhatkal, and A. Khan. 2018. Are we underestimating urban poverty? World Development 103:297–310. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.10.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattos, R. C. 2009. As “classes perigosas” habitam as favelas: Um passeio pela crônica policial no período das reformas urbanas [The “dangerous classes” inhabit the favelas: A walk through the police chronicle during the period of urban reforms]. Desigualdade & Diversidade 5:149–70.
   Google Scholar
• McCann, B. 2014. Hard times in the marvelous city: From dictatorship to democracy in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, F. B. 1973. A geografia social no Rio de Janeiro [Social Geography in Rio de Janeiro]. Revista Brasileira de Geografia 35 (1):3–75.
   Google Scholar
• O’Hare, G., and M. Barke. 2002. The favelas of Rio de Janeiro: A temporal and spatial analysis. GeoJournal 56:225–40. doi: 10.1023/A:1025134625932.
   Google Scholar
• Pedro, A. A. 2016. Análise temporal dos setores de aglomerados subnormais dos censos 2000 e 2010: Estudo de caso da subprefeitura de São Mateus no município de São Paulo-SP [Temporal analysis of the sectors of subnormal agglomerates of the Census 2000 and 2010: Case study of the subprefecture of São Mateus in the municipality of São Paulo-SP]. Master’s dissertation, Universidade de São Paulo.
   Google Scholar
• Pereira, J. M. M. 2010. O banco mundial e a construção político-intelectual do “combate à pobreza” [The World Bank and the political-intellectual construction of “combating poverty”]. Topoi (Rio de Janeiro) 11 (21):260–82.
   Google Scholar
• Perlman, J. E. 1976. The myth of marginality: Urban poverty and politics in Rio de Janeiro. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Portes, A. 1979. Housing policy, urban poverty, and the state: The favelas of Rio de Janeiro 1972–1976. Latin American Research Review 14 (2):3–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, V. 2006. Slum as theory: The South/Asian city and globalization. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 30 (1):225–32. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2006.00658.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rattsø, J., and H. Stokke. 2014. Regional convergence of income and education: Investigation of distribution dynamics. Urban Studies 51 (8):1672–85. doi: 10.1177/0042098013498625.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reardon, S., S. Matthews, D. O’Sullivan, B. A. Lee, G. Firebaugh, C. R. Farrell, and K. Bischoff. 2008. The geographic scale of metropolitan racial segregation. Demography 45 (3):489–514. doi: 10.1353/dem.0.0019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richmond, M. 2018. Rio de Janeiro’s favela assemblage: Accounting for the durability of an unstable object. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 36 (6):1045–62. doi: 10.1177/0263775817753155.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy, A. 2011. Slumdog cities: Rethinking subaltern urbanism. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 35 (2):223–38. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2011.01051.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos, M. 2008. O espaço dividido: Os dois circuitos da economia urbana dos países subdesenvolvidos [The divided space: The two circuits of the urban economy of the underdeveloped countries]. São Paulo, Brazil: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo.
   Google Scholar
• Schuetz, J., A. Gonzalez, J. Larrimore, E. A. Merry, and B. J. Robles. 2017. Are Central cities poor and non-white? Washington, DC: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
   Google Scholar
• Seabra, D. M., and C. R. Azzoni. 2015. Custo de vida comparativo Para os distritos das 100 maiores cidades brasileiras [Comparative cost of living for the districts of the 100 largest Brazilian cities]. FIPE: Temas de Economia Aplicada :12–24.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, J. 2012. As unidades policiais pacificadoras e os novos desafios para as favelas cariocas [The Pacifying Police Units and the new challenges for Rio’s favelas]. In Favelas cariocas: Ontem e hoje, ed. M. A. Mello, L. A. M. da Silva, L. de L. Freire, and S. S. Simões. Rio de Janeiro: Garamond.
   Google Scholar
• Silva, L. A. M. 1967. A política na favela [Politics in the favela]. Cadernos Brasileiros 9 (41):35–47.
   Google Scholar
• Souza, M. J. N. 2007. Apontamentos sobre a maré: Uma compreensão [Notes about Maré: An understanding]. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais 9 (1):53–68. doi: 10.22296/2317-1529.2007v9n1p53.
   Google Scholar
• Swyngedouw, E. 1996. The city as a hybrid: On nature, society and cyborg urbanization. Capitalism Nature Socialism 7 (2):65–80. doi: 10.1080/10455759609358679.
   Google Scholar
• Telles, E. E. 2006. Race in another America: The significance of skin color in Brazil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Valladares, L. 2005. A invenção da favela: Do mito de origem a favela.com [The invention of the favela: From the myth of origin to favela.com]. Rio de Janeiro: FGV.
   Google Scholar
• Valladares, L., and E. Preteicelle. 2000. Favela, favelas: Unidade ou diversidade da favela carioca [Favela, Favelas: Unity or diversity of the Rio’s Favela]. In O futuro das metrópoles: Desigualdades e governabilidade, ed. L. C. Ribeiro, 375–401. Rio de Janeiro: Revan.
   Google Scholar
• Villaça, F. 1998. Espaço intra-urbano no brasil [Intraurban space in Brazil]. São Paulo, Brazil: Studio Nobel.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2001. Attacking Brazil’s poverty: A poverty report with a focus on urban poverty reduction policies. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar