Literature Cited
- Agichtein, E., C. Castillo, D. Donato, A. Gionis, and G. Mishne. 2008. Finding high-quality content in social media. In Proceedings of the international conference on Web search and web data mining, 183–94. Palo Alto, CA: ACM. doi: https://doi.org/10.1145/1341531.1341557.
- Agostino, D. 2013. Using social media to engage citizens: A study of Italian municipalities. Public Relations Review 39 (3):232–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2013.02.009.
- Aladwani, A. M., and Y. K. Dwivedi. 2018. Towards a theory of SocioCitizenry: Quality anticipation, trust configuration, and approved adaptation of governmental social media. International Journal of Information Management 43:261–72. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2018.08.009.
- Aral, S., and D. Walker. 2012. Identifying influential and susceptible members of social networks. Science 337 (6092):337–41. doi: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215842.
- Benetsky, M. J., C. Burd, and M. Rapino. 2015. Young adult migration: 2007–2009 to 2010–2012. American Community Survey reports, ACS-31, U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC. http://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/publications/2015/acs/acs-31.pdf.
- Bertot, J. C., P. T. Jaeger, and D. Hansen. 2012. The impact of policies on government social media usage: Issues, challenges, and recommendations. Government Information Quarterly 29 (1):30–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2011.04.004.
- Bertot, J. C., P. T. Jaeger, S. Munson, and T. Glaisyer. 2010. Social media technology and government transparency. Computer Magazine 43 (11):53–59. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2010.325.
- Bettencourt, L. M. A. 2013. The origins of scaling in cities. Science 340 (6139):1438–41.
- Bonsón, E., and M. Ratkai. 2013. A set of metrics to assess stakeholder engagement and social legitimacy on a corporate Facebook page. Online Information Review 37 (5):787–803.
- Bonsón, E., S. Royo, and M. Ratkai. 2017. Facebook practices in Western European municipalities: An empirical analysis of activity and citizens’ engagement. Administration & Society 49 (3):320–47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399714544945.
- Bonsón, E., L. Torres, S. Royo, and F. Flores. 2012. Local e-government 2.0: Social media and corporate transparency in municipalities. Government Information Quarterly 29 (2):123–32. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2011.10.001.
- Chang, M., and P. Kannan. 2008. Leveraging Web 2.0 in government. IBM Center for the Business of Government. Accessed August 26, 2020. http://www.businessofgovernment.org/sites/default/files/LeveragingWeb.pdf.
- Cutter, S. L., B. J. Boruff, and W. L. Shirley. 2003. Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Social Science Quarterly 84 (2):242–61. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-6237.8402002.
- Dodge, Y. 2008a. Kendall rank correlation coefficient. In The concise encyclopedia of statistics, 278–81. New York: Springer.
- Dodge, Y. 2008b. Spearman rank correlation coefficient. In The concise encyclopedia of statistics, 502–05. New York: Springer.
- Graham, M. W., E. J. Avery, and S. Park. 2015. The role of social media in local government crisis communications. Public Relations Review 41 (3):386–94. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2015.02.001.
- Greenwood, S., A. Perrin, and M. Duggan. 2016. Social media update 2016. Pew Research Center. http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2016/11/10132827/PI_2016.11.11_Social-Media-Update_FINAL.pdf.
- Guillamón, M.-D., A.-M. Ríos, B. Gesuele, and C. Metallo. 2016. Factors influencing social media use in local governments: The case of Italy and Spain. Government Information Quarterly 33 (3):460–71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2016.06.005.
- Hansen, D. L., B. Schneiderman, and M. A. Smith. 2010. Analyzing social media networks with NodeXL: Insights from a connected world. San Francisco, CA, and Oxford, UK: Morgan Kaufmann and Elsevier Science.
- Haro-de-Rosario, A., A. Sáez-Martín, and M. del Carmen Caba-Pérez. 2018. Using social media to enhance citizen engagement with local government: Twitter or Facebook? New Media & Society 20 (1):29–49. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816645652.
- Hoffman, D. L., and M. Fodor. 2010. Can you measure the ROI of your social media marketing? MIT Sloan Management Review 52:40–49.
- Huang, Z. 2006. E-government practices at local levels: An analysis of U.S. counties websites. Issues in Information Systems 7 (2):165–70.
- Joinson, A. N. 2008. Looking at, looking up or keeping up with people?: Motives and use of Facebook. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1027–36. Florence, Italy: ACM.
- Kaplan, A. M., and M. Haenlein. 2010. Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social media. Business Horizons 53 (1):59–68. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003.
- Katz, J., and D. Halpern. 2013. Political and Developmental correlates of social media participation in government: A global survey of national leadership websites. International Journal of Public Administration 36 (1):1–15.
- Kitchin, R. 2014. The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism. GeoJournal 79 (1):1–14. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-013-9516-8.
- Knoll, J., J. Matthes, and R. Heiss. 2020. The social media political participation model: A goal systems theory perspective. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 26 (1):135–56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856517750366.
- Lasswell, H. D. 1948. The structure and function of communication in society. In The communication of ideas, ed. L. Bryson, 37–51. New York: Harper & Row.
- Leitão, J. C., J. M. Miotto, M. Gerlach, and E. G. Altmann. 2016. Is this scaling nonlinear? Royal Society Open Science 3 (7):150649.
- Li, R., D. Crowe, D. Leifer, L. Zou, and J. Schoof. 2019. Beyond big data: Social media challenges and opportunities for understanding social perception of energy. Energy Research & Social Science 56:101217. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101217.
- Magro, M. J. 2012. A review of social media use in E-government. Administrative Sciences 2 (2):148–61. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci2020148.
- Mainka, A., S. Hartmann, W. G. Stock, and I. Peters. 2014. Government and social media: A case study of 31 informational world cities. In 2014 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 1715–24. Waikoloa, HI: IEEE. http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6758816/.
- Malik, M. M., H. Lamba, C. Nakos, and J. Pfeffer. 2015. Population bias in geotagged tweets. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 9(1). Accessed June 16, 2021. https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/14688
- Medaglia, R., and L. Zheng. 2017. Mapping government social media research and moving it forward: A framework and a research agenda. Government Information Quarterly 34 (3):496–510. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.06.001.
- Meijer, A. J., and R. Torenvlied. 2016. Social media and the new organization of government communications: An empirical analysis of Twitter usage by the Dutch police. The American Review of Public Administration 46 (2):143–61. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074014551381.
- Mergel, I. 2013. A framework for interpreting social media interactions in the public sector. Government Information Quarterly 30 (4):327–34. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.05.015.
- Mergel, I. 2016. Social media institutionalization in the U.S. federal government. Government Information Quarterly 33 (1):142–48. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.09.002.
- Mossberger, K., Y. Wu, and J. Crawford. 2013. Connecting citizens and local governments? Social media and interactivity in major U.S. cities. Government Information Quarterly 30 (4):351–58. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.05.016.
- Nguyen, Q. C., S. Kath, H.-W. Meng, D. Li, K. R. Smith, J. A. VanDerslice, M. Wen, and F. Li. 2016. Leveraging geotagged Twitter data to examine neighborhood happiness, diet, and physical activity. Applied Geography 73:77–88. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2016.06.003.
- O’Hara, S. 2001. Urban development revisited: The role of neighborhood needs and local participation in urban revitalization. Review of Social Economy 59 (1):23–43. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00346760110036265.
- Ouirdi, M. E., A. E. Ouirdi, J. Segers, and E. Henderickx. 2014. Social media conceptualization and taxonomy: A Lasswellian framework. Journal of Creative Communications 9 (2):107–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0973258614528608.
- Park, J., and K. Cho. 2009. Declining relational trust between government and publics, and potential prospects of social media in the government public relations. Accessed December 10, 2019. https://www.scss.tcd.ie/disciplines/information_systems/egpa/docs/2009/ParkCho.pdf.
- Pew Research Center. 2019. Social media fact sheet. Accessed March 2, 2020. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/social-media/.
- Pike, S. 2008. Destination marketing: An integrated marketing communication approach. Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.
- Purser, K. 2012. Using social media in local government: 2011 survey report, Australian Centre of Excellence for Local Government, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia.
- Sandoval-Almazan, R., and J. R. Gil-Garcia. 2012. Are government internet portals evolving towards more interaction, participation, and collaboration? Revisiting the rhetoric of e-government among municipalities. Government Information Quarterly 29:S72–81. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2011.09.004.
- Schläpfer, M., L. M. A. Bettencourt, S. Grauwin, M. Raschke, R. Claxton, Z. Smoreda, G. B. West, and C. Ratti. 2014. The scaling of human interactions with city size. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 11 (98):20130789. doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0789.
- Schwartz, H. A., J. C. Eichstaedt, M. L. Kern, L. Dziurzynski, S. M. Ramones, M. Agrawal, and L. H. Ungar. 2013. Personality, gender, and age in the language of social media: The open-vocabulary approach. PLoS ONE 8 (9):e73791. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073791.
- Shelton, T., A. Poorthuis, and M. Zook. 2015. Social media and the city: Rethinking urban socio-spatial inequality using user-generated geographic information. Landscape and Urban Planning 142:198–211. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.02.020.
- Sieber, R. E., P. J. Robinson, P. A. Johnson, and J. M. Corbett. 2016. Doing public participation on the geospatial Web. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 106 (5):1030–46. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2016.1191325.
- Skoric, M. M., Q. Zhu, D. Goh, and N. Pang. 2016. Social media and citizen engagement: A meta-analytic review. New Media & Society 18 (9):1817–39. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815616221.
- Sloan, L., J. Morgan, P. Burnap, and M. Williams. 2015. Who tweets? Deriving the demographic characteristics of age, occupation and social class from Twitter user meta-data. PLoS ONE 10:e0115545. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115545.
- Tang, Z., X. Li, N. Zhao, R. Li, and E. F. Harvey. 2012. Developing a restorable wetland index for rainwater basin wetlands in south-central Nebraska: A multi-criteria spatial analysis. Wetlands 32 (5):975–84. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-012-0320-x.
- Tate, E. 2012. Social vulnerability indices: A comparative assessment using uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. Natural Hazards 63 (2):325–47. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0152-2.
- U.S. Census Bureau. 2019. United States QuickFacts. Accessed August 7, 2019. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/
- U.S. Census Bureau. 2020. 2015 and 2016 American Community Surveys. Accessed February 20, 2020. https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs/data.html.
- U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2019. Local Area Unemployment Statistics. Accessed August 1, 2019. https://www.bls.gov/.
- Varey, R. J. 2002. Marketing communication: Principles and practice. London and New York: Routledge.
- Wang, J. 2013. Pearson correlation coefficient. In Encyclopedia of systems biology, ed. W. Dubitzky, O. Wolkenhauer, K. H. Cho, and H. Yokota, 1671. New York: Springer.
- Wigand, F. D. L. 2011. Gov 2.0 and beyond: Using social media for transparency, participation and collaboration. In Networked digital technologies, ed. S. Fong, 307–18. Berlin: Springer.
- Zavattaro, S. M., and A. J. Sementelli. 2014. A critical examination of social media adoption in government: Introducing omnipresence. Government Information Quarterly 31 (2):257–64. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.10.007.
- Zhou, L., and T. Wang. 2014. Social media: A new vehicle for city marketing in China. Cities 37:27–32. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2013.11.006.