Interactive Effects of Anxiety Sensitivity and Attentional Control on Posttraumatic Stress in Community and Clinical Populations

REFERENCES

• Aiken, L. S., West, S. G., & Reno, R. R. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Allan, N. P., Short, N. A., Albanese, B. J., Keough, M. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015). Direct and mediating effects of an anxiety sensitivity intervention on posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in trauma-exposed individuals. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 44(6), 512–524. doi:10.1080/16506073.2015.1075227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aupperle, R. L., Melrose, A. J., Stein, M. B., & Paulus, M. P. (2012). Executive function and PTSD: Disengaging from trauma. Neuropharmacology, 62(2), 686–694. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardeen, J. R., & Fergus, T. A. (2016). Emotional distress intolerance, experiential avoidance, and anxiety sensitivity: The buffering effect of attentional control on associations with posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(2), 320–329. doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9522-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beevers, C. G. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to depression: A dual process model. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(7), 975–1002. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bherer, L., Kramer, A. F., Peterson, M. S., Colcombe, S., Erickson, K., & Becic, E. (2005). Training effects on dual-task performance: Are there age-related differences in plasticity of attentional control? Psychology and Aging, 20(4), 695–709. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boffa, J. W., Norr, A. M., Raines, A. M., Albanese, B. J., Short, N. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016). Anxiety sensitivity prospectively predicts posttraumatic stress symptoms following a campus shooting. Behavior Therapy, 47(3), 367–376. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.02.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011). Amazon’s Mechanical Turk a new source of inexpensive, yet high-quality, data? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(1), 3–5. doi:10.1177/1745691610393980
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capron, D. W., Fitch, K., Medley, A., Blagg, C., Mallott, M., & Joiner, T. (2012). Role of anxiety sensitivity subfactors in suicidal ideation and suicide attempt history. Depression and Anxiety, 29(3), 195–201. doi:10.1002/da.20871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capron, D. W., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016). Development and randomized trial evaluation of a novel computer-delivered anxiety sensitivity intervention. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 81, 47–55. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clerkin, E. M., Beard, C., Fisher, C. R., & Schofield, C. A. (2015). An attempt to target anxiety sensitivity via cognitive bias modification. PLoS ONE, 10(2), e0114578. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114578
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derryberry, D., & Reed, M. A. (2002). Anxiety-related attentional biases and their regulation by attentional control. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(2), 225–236. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.2.225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elwood, L. S., Hahn, K. S., Olatunji, B. O., & Williams, N. L. (2009). Cognitive vulnerabilities to the development of PTSD: A review of four vulnerabilities and the proposal of an integrative vulnerability model. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(1), 87–100. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.10.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007). Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory. Emotion, 7(2), 336–353. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First, M. B., Williams, J. B. W., Karg, R. S., & Spitzer, R. L. (2015). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5—Research Version. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B. (1995). Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale manual. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Gyurak, A., Gross, J. J., & Etkin, A. (2011). Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: A dual-process framework. Cognition and Emotion, 25(3), 400–412. doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.544160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaccard, J., & Wan, C. K. (1995). Measurement error in the analysis of interaction effects between continuous predictors using multiple regression: Multiple indicator and structural equation approaches. Psychological Bulletin, 117(2), 348–357. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.117.2.348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judah, M. R., Grant, D. M., Mills, A. C., & Lechner, W. V. (2014). Factor structure and validation of the Attentional Control Scale. Cognition and Emotion, 28(3), 433–451. doi:10.1080/02699931.2013.835254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny, D. A., & McCoach, D. B. (2003). Effect of the number of variables on measures of fit in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 10(3), 333–351. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM1003_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., & Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52(12), 1048–1060. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, A. G., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Quasi-maximum likelihood estimation of structural equation models with multiple interaction and quadratic effects. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42(4), 647–673. doi:10.1080/00273170701710205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lang, A. J., Kennedy, C. M., & Stein, M. B. (2002). Anxiety sensitivity and PTSD among female victims of intimate partner violence. Depression and Anxiety, 16(2), 77–83. doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1520-6394
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews, A., Yiend, J., & Lawrence, A. D. (2004). Individual differences in the modulation of fear-related brain activation by attentional control. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(10), 1683–1694. doi:10.1162/0898929042947810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis.. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49–100.
   Google Scholar
• Moshagen, M. (2012). The model size effect in SEM: Inflated goodness-of-fit statistics are due to the size of the covariance matrix. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 19(1), 86–98. doi:10.1080/10705511.2012.634724
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, B., & Muthén, B. (2009). Statistical analysis with latent variables. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Norr, A. M., Albanese, B. J., Boffa, J. W., Short, N. A., & Schmidt, N. B. (2016). The relationship between gender and PTSD symptoms: Anxiety sensitivity as a mechanism. Personality and Individual Differences, 90, 210–213. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olatunji, B., & Fan, Q. (2015). Anxiety sensitivity and post-traumatic stress reactions: Evidence for intrusions and physiological arousal as mediating and moderating mechanisms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 34, 76–85. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otto, M. W., Eastman, A., Lo, S., Hearon, B. A., Bickel, W. K., Zvolensky, M., … Doan, S. N. (2016). Anxiety sensitivity and working memory capacity: Risk factors and targets for health behavior promotion. Clinical Psychology Review, 49, 67–78. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.07.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouimet, A. J., Gawronski, B., & Dozois, D. J. (2009). Cognitive vulnerability to anxiety: A review and an integrative model. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(6), 459–470. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolacci, G., & Chandler, J. (2014). Inside the Turk: Understanding Mechanical Turk as a participant pool. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(3), 184–188. doi:10.1177/0963721414531598
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pineles, S. L., Shipherd, J. C., Mostoufi, S. M., Abramovitz, S. M., & Yovel, I. (2009). Attentional biases in PTSD: More evidence for interference. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(12), 1050–1057. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pineles, S. L., Shipherd, J. C., Welch, L. P., & Yovel, I. (2007). The role of attentional biases in PTSD: Is it interference or facilitation? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(8), 1903–1913. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.08.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiss, S., & McNally, R. J. (1985). Expectancy model of fear. In S Reiss & R. R. Bootzin (Eds.), Theoretical issues in behavior therapy (pp. 107–121). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reiss, S., Peterson, R. A., Gursky, D. M., & McNally, R. J. (1986). Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency, and the prediction of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24(1), 1–8. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(86)90143-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resick, P. A., Nishith, P., Weaver, T. L., Astin, M. C., & Feuer, C. A. (2002). A comparison of cognitive-processing therapy with prolonged exposure and a waiting condition for the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in female rape victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70(4), 867–879. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.70.4.867
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richey, J. A., Keough, M. E., & Schmidt, N. B. (2012). Attentional control moderates fearful responding to a 35% CO(2) challenge. Behavior Therapy, 43(2), 285–299. doi:10.1016/j.beth.2011.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salters-Pedneault, K., Tull, M. T., & Roemer, L. (2004). The role of avoidance of emotional material in the anxiety disorders. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 11(2), 95–114. doi:10.1016/j.appsy.2004.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, N. B., Lerew, D. R., & Joiner, T. E. (2000). Prospective evaluation of the etiology of anxiety sensitivity: Test of a scar model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(11), 1083–1095. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00138-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S. (2003). Anxiety sensitivity and its implications for understanding and treating PTSD. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 17(2), 179–186. doi:10.1891/jcop.17.2.179.57431
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, S., Zvolensky, M. J., Cox, B. J., Deacon, B., Heimberg, R. G., Ledley, D. R., … Cardenas, S. J. (2007). Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: Development and initial validation of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3. Psychological Assessment, 19(2), 176–188. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.2.176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E., Jr. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575–600. doi:10.1037/a0018697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasterling, J. J., Duke, L. M., Brailey, K., Constans, J. I., Allain, A. N., & Sutker, P. B. (2002). Attention, learning, and memory performances and intellectual resources in Vietnam veterans: PTSD and no disorder comparisons. Neuropsychology, 16(1), 5. doi:10.1037/0894-4105.16.1.5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F., Litz, B., Herman, D., Huska, J., & Keane, T. (1994). The PTSD Checklist—Civilian Version. Boston, MA: National Center for PTSD.
   Google Scholar