Advanced search
Publication Cover
Quarterly Journal of Speech Volume 69, 1983 - Issue 4
Submit an article Journal homepage
403
Views
15
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The rhetoric of “unconditional surrender” and the decision to drop the atomic bomb

James W. Hikins Assistant Professor of Speech Communication, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70118
Pages 379-400 | Published online: 05 Jun 2009

  • Thomas , Gordon and Witts , Max Morgan . 1977 . Enola Gay , 264 – 265 . New York : Stein and Day, Publishers .
  • Marx , Joseph L. 1971 . Nagasaki , 79 – 80 . New York : The Macmillan Company .
  • Craven , Wesley F. and Cate , J.L. 1953 . The Army Air Forces in World War II , vol. V , 712 – 713 . Chicago : The University of Chicago Press .
  • Bernstein , Barton J. 1976 . The Atomic Bomb: The Critical Issues , vii Boston : Little, Brown and Company .
  • Alperovitz , Gar . 1965 . Atomic Diplomacy: Hiroshima and Potsdam , 241 – 242 . New York : Simon and Schuster .
  • Hart , Sir Basil Liddell . 1970 . History of the Second World War , 698 New York : G.P. Putnam's Sons .
  • United States Strategic Bombing Survey . 1946 . The Summary Report on the Pacific War , 26 Washington, D.C. : Government Printing Office .
  • Gardiner , Patrick , ed. 1959 . Theories of History , New York : The Free Press .
  • Rosenman , Samuel L. , ed. 1950 . The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt , 1944–45 Vol. , 209 – 210 . New York : Harper & Brothers Publishers .
  • 1941 . The New York Times , December 8 : 4
  • 1941 . The New York Times , December 7 : 5
  • 1941 . The New York Times , December 7 : 5
  • 1941 . The New York Times , December 8 : 6
  • 1941 . The New York Times , December 7 : 5
  • 1941 . The New York Times , December 8 : I
  • Cole , Wayne S. 1974 . Charles A. Lindbergh and the Battle Against American Intervention in World War II , New York : Harcourt Brace Jovanovich .
  • Polenberg , Richard . 1972 . War and Society: The United States, 1941–1945 , 135 Philadelphia : J.B. Lippincott Company .
  • 1945 . The Chicago Tribune , February 20 : 5
  • 1945 . The New York Times , February 20 : 4
  • Gallup , George . 1971 . The Gallup Poll 370 378 388 521 – 522 . New York
  • Roosevelt Papers , 1943 3
  • Gaddis , John Lewis . 1972 . The United States and the Origins of the Cold War , 8 New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Roosevelt Papers , 1943 32
  • Jones , Alfred Haworth . 1974 . Roosevelt's Image Brokers: Poets, Playwrights, and the Use of the Lincoln Symbol , Port Washington, New York : Kennikat Press .
  • Brandenburg , Earnest S. 1948 . “An Analysis and Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt's Speeches on International Affairs ” . University of Iowa . Diss.
  • Cantril , Hadley , ed. 1951 . Public Opinion, 1935–1946 , 1062 Princeton : Princeton Univ. Press .
  • Tugwell , Rexford G. 1957 . The Democratic Roosevelt , 616 Garden City, New York : Doubleday & Company, Inc. .
  • Notter , Harley . 1949 . “Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation 1939–1945” . 126 – 127 . Washington : Government Printing Office . (Department of State Publication 3580;
  • Roosevelt Papers , 1943 39
  • Roosevelt Papers , 1943 39
  • Roosevelt Papers , 1943 42
  • 1943 . The Chicago Tribune , January 27 : 1
  • 1943 . The Cedar Rapids Gazette , January 27
  • Roosevelt Papers , 1943 63
  • Roosevelt Papers , 1943 327
  • 1943 . The New York Times , December 2 : 3
  • 1945 . The New York Times , February 20 : 4
  • August 19–24 1943 . Gallup Poll August 19–24 , 404
  • Glennon , John P. 1967 . “'This Time Germany is a Defeated Nation’: The Doctrine of Unconditional Surrender and Some Unsuccessful Attempts to Alter It, 1943–1944” . In Statesmen and Statecraft of the Modern West: Essays in Honor of Dwight E. Lee and H. Donaldson Jordan , Edited by: Grob , Gerald N. 128 – 130 . Barre, Massachusetts : Barre Publishers .
  • Roosevelt Papers , 1943 39
  • 1945 . The New York Times , February 18 : 5 Section 4E,
  • Carroll , Wallace . 1948 . Persuade or Perish , 319 – 320 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company .
  • Bishop , Jim . 1974 . FDR's Last Year, April 1944‐April 1945 , 29 – 30 . New York : William Morrow & Company, Inc. .
  • Williams , J.M. 1978 . “Truman and the A‐Bomb Decision: The Rhetoric of Incrementalism” . Speaker and Gavel , 15 : 71
  • Kane , Thomas and Weiler , Richard M. 1978 . “Truman and the A‐Bomb Decision: A Response to J.M. Williams” . Speaker and Gavel , 16 : 3 – 12 .
  • 1978 . “Editor's Note” . Speaker and Gavel , 16 : 12
  • Truman , Harry S. 1956 . Memoirs: Year of Decision , 6 Garden City : Doubleday & Company, Inc. .
  • Daniels , Margaret Truman . 1973 . Harry S. Truman , 205 Garden City : William Morrow & Co., Inc. .
  • 1961 . Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, Harry S. Truman , 1945 vol. , 1 Washington : United States Government Printing Office .
  • Truman Papers , 1945 2
  • 1945 . Truman Papers , : 7
  • Bernstein , Barton J. 1975 . “Roosevelt, Truman and the Atomic Bomb, 1941–1945: A Reinterpretation” . Political Science Quarterly , 90 : 61
  • Brown , Anthony Cave and MacDonald , Charles B. 1977 . The Secret History of the Atomic Bomb , xvii New York : Dell Publishing Co., Inc. .
  • Sherwin , Martin J. 1975 . A World Destroyed—The Atomic Bomb and the Grand Alliance , 147 New York : Alfred Knopf .
  • 1943 . The New York Times , December 5 : 3E
  • 1945 . The New York Times , July 12 : 4B
  • Cherwitz , Richard A. and Hikins , James W. 1979 . “John Stuart Mill's On Liberty: Implications for the Epistemology of the New Rhetoric” . The Quarterly Journal of Speech , 65 : 12 – 24 .
  • Croasmun , Earl and Cherwitz , Richard A. 1982 . “Beyond Rhetorical Relativism” . The Quarterly Journal of Speech , 68 : 1 – 16 .
  • Cherwitz , Richard A. and Hikins , James W. 1982 . “Toward a Rhetorical Epistemology” . The Southern Speech Communication Journal , 47 : 135 – 162 .
  • Cherwitz , Richard A. and Hikins , James W. 1983 . “Rhetorical Perspectivism” . The Quarterly Journal of Speech , 69 : 249 – 266 .
  • McKerrow . 1977 . “Truman and Korea: Rhetoric in the Pursuit of Victory” . Central States Speech Journal , 28 : 1 – 12 .
  • Hart , Roderick P. 1982 . “A Commentary on Popular Assumptions About Political Communication” . Human Communication Research , 8 : 366 – 389 .
  • Edelman , Murray . 1971 . Politics as Symbolic Action , 43 Chicago : Markham .
  • Ellul , Jacques . 1973 . Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes , 89 New York : Vintage Books .
  • Mee , Charles L. Jr. 1976 . Meeting at Potsdam , 74 New York : Dell Publishing Co., Inc. .
  • Bernstein , Barton J. and Matusow , Allen J. 1966 . The Truman Administration: A Documentary History , 26 – 27 . New York : Harper & Row Publishers .
  • Kawai , Kazuo . 1950 . “Mokusatsu, Japan's Response to the Potsdam Declaration” . Pacific Historical Review , 19 : 410
  • Ehrman , John . October 1944 . Grand Strategy , Vol. VI , October , 308 London : Her Majesty's Stationery Office . ‐August 1945, 1956
  • Bernstein , Barton J. 1977 . “The Perils and Politics of Surrender: Ending the War with Japan and Avoiding the Third Atomic Bomb” . Pacific Historical Review , 46 : 3 – 4 .
  • July 24 1945 . "Henry L. Stimson, Diary, August 10, 1945; Stimson, “Notes for Diary” . July 24 , Yale University . Stimson Papers,
  • Campbell , George . 1963 . The Philosophy of Rhetoric , Edited by: Bitzer , Lloyd F. 1 Carbondale, Illinois : Southern Illinois University Press .
  • Donovan , Robert J. 1977 . Conflict and Crisis , 91 New York : W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. .
  • Berding , Andrew . 1948 . Memoirs , vol. 2 , 1593 – 94 . New York : N.P. .
  • Combined Intelligence Committee . July 8 1945 . “Estimates of Enemy Situation” . In The Entry of the Soviet Union into the War Against Japan: Military Plans 1941–1945 July 8 , 86 – 87 . Washington 1955
  • Bernstein . Perils , 4
  • 1960 . Foreign Relations of the United States: Conference of Berlin (Potsdam), 1945 Vol. I , 904 – 9 . Washington, D.C.
  • Truman Papers , 1945 199
  • Bernstein . Perils , 2
  • Bernstein . Perils , 2
  • Stimson . 1945 . Diary , August 10
  • Bernstein . Perils , 3
  • Stimson . 1945 . Notes for Diary , July 24
  • 1945 . Diary , August 10
  • Stimson . 1945 . Notes for Diary , July 24
  • 1945 . Diary , August 10
  • Stimson . 1945 . Diary , August 10
  • Forrestal , James . 1945 . Diary , August 10
  • Bernstein . Perils , 3 – 8 .
  • Bernstein . Perils , 5
  • June 29 1945 . Gallup Poll June 29 , 512
  • Wallace , Henry A. 1945 . Diary , August 10
  • Bernstein . Perils , 5
  • Truman . Memoirs , 428
  • Bernstein . Perils , 7
  • Bernstein . Perils , 7 – 8 .
  • Truman Papers , 1945 216
  • Truman Papers , 1945 223
  • 1945 . The New York Times , August 11 : 8
  • 1945 . Congressional Record , September 18 : 8680
  • Bernstein . Perils , 18
  • Bernstein . Perils , 23
  • Stimson . 1945 . Diary , August 10
  • Bernstein . Perils , 5
  • Forrestal . 1945 . Diary , August 10
  • Stimson , Henry L. 1971 . On Active Service in Peace and War , 617 New York : Octagon Books .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Order Reprints Request Corporate Permissions

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

Request Academic Permissions

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.