Representative form and the visual ideograph: The Iwo Jima image in editorial cartoons

References

• Albee , P.B. Jr. and Freeman , K.C. 1995 . Shadow of Suribachi: Raising the flags on Iwo Jima , Westport, CT : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• Argan , G.C. 1980 . “ Ideology and iconology ” . In The language of images , Edited by: West , R. and Mitchell , W.J.T. 15 – 23 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Astor , D. Summer/Fall 1993 . “ Jack and Joel hack the hackneyed ” . In The Association of American Editorial Cartoonists Notebook Summer/Fall , 12 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Barthes , R. 1977 . “ The photographic message ” . In Image, music, text , Edited by: Heath , S. New York : Hill and Wang .
   Google Scholar
• Baty , S.P. 1995 . American Monroe: The making of a body politic , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bellah , R.N. , Madsen , R. , Sullivan , W.M. , Swidler , A. and Tipton , S.M. 1985 . Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Benson , S. 1995 . [Cartoon] . Arizona Republic , February
   Google Scholar
• Bertelsen , L. 1989 . Icons on Iwo . Journal of Popular Culture, , 2 : 79 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohrmann , E.G. , Koester , J. and Bennett , J. 1978 . Political cartoons and salient rhetorical fantasies: An empirical analysis of the ‘76 presidential campaign . Communication Monographs, , 45 : 317 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boose , L.E. 1993 . “ Techno‐muscularity and the boy eternal ” . In Gendering war talk , Edited by: Cooke , M. and Woollacott , A. 67 – 106 . Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bostdorff , D.M. 1987 . Making light of James Watt: A Burkean approach to the form and attitude of political cartoons . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 73 : 43 – 59 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brummett , B. 1984 . Burke's representative anecdote as a method in media criticism . Critical Studies in Mass Communication, , 1 : 161 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Burke , K. 1969a . A grammar of motives , Berkeley, CA : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burke , K. 1969b . A rhetoric of motives , Berkeley, CA. : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burke , K. 1957 . The philosophy of literary form: Studies in symbolic action. , (Revised Edition) , New York : Vintage Books .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , J.A. 1990 . Between the fragment and the icon: Prospect for a rhetorical house of the middle way . Western Journal of Communication, , 54 : 346 – 376 .
   Google Scholar
• Campbell , K.K. and Jamieson , K.H. 1978 . Form and genre: Shaping rhetorical action. , Falls Church, VA. : Speech Communication Association .
   Google Scholar
• Conrad , P. 1989 . [Cartoon] . Los Angeles Times , June : B7
   Google Scholar
• Dart , B. 1995 . ‘Grateful’ nation thanks survivors of Iwo Jima . Atlanta Joumal‐Constitution, , February 20 : 16
   Google Scholar
• DeSousa , M.A. 1984 . “ Symbolic action and pretended insight: The Ayatollah Khomeini in U.S. editorial cartoons ” . In Rhetorical dimensions in media: A critical casebook , Edited by: Medhurst , M.J. and Benson , T.W. 204 – 230 . Dubuque, IA : Kendall/Hunt .
   Google Scholar
• DeSousa , M.A. and Medhurst , M.J. 1982 . Political cartoons and American culture: Significant symbols of campaign 1980 . Studies in Visual Communication, , 8 : 84 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , J.L. . Keepers of the flame: Rhetorical themes in recent editorial cartoons on religion . Paper presented at the Eastern Communication Association . Baltimore, MD.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , J.L. 1993 . Metaphors of enmity in Gulf War political cartoons . Ohio Speech Journal, , 30 : 62 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , J.L. 1995 . Wee George and the seven dwarfs: Caricature and metaphor in campaign ‘88 cartoons . INKS Cartoon and Comic Art Studies, , May : 26 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , J.L. 1997 . Political cartoons in the 1988 presidential campaign: Image, metaphor, and narrative , New York : Garland Press . [forthcoming]
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , R. A. 1990 . The Lucifer legacy: Boss Tweed and Richard Nixon as generic sleaze symbols in cartoon art . Journal of American Culture, , 13 : 1 – 19 .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , R.A. 1995 . The ‘monumental’ Lincoln as an American cartoon convention . INKS Cartoon and Comic Art Studies, , February : 12 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , R.A. 1996 . Them damned pictures: Explorations in American political cartoon art. , North Haven, CT. : Archon Books .
   Google Scholar
• Forceville , C. 1996 . Pictorial metaphor in advertising , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Foss , S. 1992 . Visual imagery as communication . Text and Performance Quarterly, , 12 : 85 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Fussell , P. 1982 . The boy scout handbook and other observations , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gamson , W.A. and Stuart , D. 1992 . Media discourse as a symbolic contest: The bomb in political cartoons . Sociological Forum , March : 55 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson , J.W. 1994 . Warrior dreams: Violence and manhood in post‐Vietnam America , New York : Hill & Wang .
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg , V. 1991 . The power of photography , New York : Abbeville Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gombrich , E.H. 1963 . Meditations on a hobbyhorse , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gombrich , E.H. 1996 . “ Aims and limits of iconology ” . In The essential Gombrich , Edited by: Woodfield , R. 457 – 484 . London : Phaidon Press Limited .
   Google Scholar
• Gregory , S.W. Jr. and Lewis , J.M. 1988 . Symbols of collective memory: The social process of memorializing May 4, 1970, at Kent State University . Symbolic Interaction, , Fall : 213 – 233 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guimond , J. 1991 . American photography and the American dream , Chapel Hill, NC : University of North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hatcher , E.P. 1974 . Visual metaphors: A methodological study in visual communication , Albuquerque, NM : University of New Mexico Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hausman , C.R. 1989 . Metaphor and art: Interactionism and reference in the verbal and nonverbal arts , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hill , A. 1984 . “ The Carter campaign in retrospect: Decoding the cartoons ” . In Rhetorical dimensions in media: A critical casebook , Edited by: Medhurst , M.J. and Benson , T.W. 182 – 203 . Dubuque, IA : Kendall/Hunt .
   Google Scholar
• Jenks , C. , ed. 1995 . Visual Culture , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , S.J. 1990 . Visual metaphor in the representation of communication technology . Critical Studies in Mass Communication, , 7 : 37 – 47 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , S.J. 1992 . A conceptual analysis of form and content in visual metaphors . Communication, , 13 : 197 – 209 .
   Google Scholar
• Kenner‐Muir , J. 1986 . Political cartoons and synecdoche: A rhetorical analysis of the 1984 Presidential campaign. , Amherst : University of Massachusetts . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Kress , G. and van Leeuwen , T. 1996 . Reading images: The grammar of visual design , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Langeveld , W. 1981 . Political cartoons as a medium of political communication . International Journal of Political Education, , 4 : 343 – 371 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leary , K. and Nolte , C. 1995 . The shot of a lifetime . San Francisco Chronicle, , February 19 : 3 Sunday section
   Google Scholar
• Leff , M. and Sachs , A. 1990 . Words the most like things: Iconicity and the rhetorical text . Western Journal of Speech Communication , 54 : 252 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Lester , P.M. 1995 . Visual communication: Images with messages , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Luckovitch , M. 1995 . [Cartoon] . The Atlanta Constitution ,
   Google Scholar
• Marlette , D. 1994 . [Cartoon] . Notebook of the AAEC , Winter : 25
   Google Scholar
• Marling , K.A. and Wetenhall , J. 1991 . Iwo Jima: Monuments, memories, and the American hero , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mayenova , M.R. 1981 . “ Verbal texts and iconic‐visual texts ” . In Image and code , Edited by: Steiner , W. 133 – 137 . University of Michigan .
   Google Scholar
• McGee , M.C. 1980 . The ‘ideograph’: A link between rhetoric and ideology . Quarterly Journal of Speech, , 66 : 1 – 16 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medhurst , M.J. and DeSousa , M.A. 1981 . Political cartoons as rhetorical form: A taxonomy of graphic discourse . Communication Monographs, , 48 : 197 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messaris , P. 1994 . Visual “literacy”: Image, mind, and reality , Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Messaris , P. 1997 . Visual persuasion: The role of images in advertising , Thousand Oaks : SAGE Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , W.J.T. 1986 . Iconology: Image, text, ideology , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , W.J.T. 1994 . Picture theory: Essays on verbal and visual representation , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Morin , R. 1990 . [Cartoon] . Political Pix , August 20
   Google Scholar
• Olson , L.C. 1983 . Portraits in praise of a people: A rhetorical analysis of Norman Rockwell's icons in Franklin D. Roosevelt's ‘Four Freedoms’ campaign . Quarterly Journal of Speech, , 69 : 15 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson , L.C. 1987 . Benjamin Franklin's Pictorial Representations of the British Colonies in America: A study in rhetorical iconology . Quarterly Journal of Speech, , 73 : 18 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson , L.C. 1990 . Benjamin Franklin's commemorative medal, Libertas Americana: A study in rhetorical iconology . Quarterly Journal of Speech, , 76 : 23 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olson , L.C. 1991 . Emblems of American community in the revolutionary era: A study in rhetorical iconology. , Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institute Press .
   Google Scholar
• Osborn , M. 1986 . “ Rhetorical depiction ” . In Form, genre, and the study of political discourse , Edited by: Simons , H.W. and Aghazian , A.A. 79 – 107 . Columbia, SC : University of South Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Osborn , M. 1994 . “ The invention of rhetorical criticism in my work ” . In Critical questions: Invention, creativity, and the criticism of discourse and media , Edited by: Nothstine , W.L. , Blair , C. and Copeland , G.C. 82 – 94 . New York : St. Martin's Press .
   Google Scholar
• Renault , D. 1993 . [Cartoon] . Sacramento Bee , January 27 : B6
   Google Scholar
• Roeder , G. Jr. 1993 . The censored war: American visual experience during World War Two , New Haven, CT : Yale University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Root , J.R. 1996 . Is a picture worth a thousand words? A Q methodological study of political cartoons. , Texas : University of Houston . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal, J. (1995,May 31). [Telephone interview with author].
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal , J. and Heinz , W.C. 1955 . The picture that will live forever . Collier's Magazine , 18 Feb : 62 – 67 .
   Google Scholar
• Ross , B.D. 1986 . Iwo Jima: Legacy of Valor , New York : Vintage Books .
   Google Scholar
• Schorr , B. 1993 . [Cartoon] . The Sacramento Bee , February 7 : 5
   Google Scholar
• Schorr , B. 1994 . “ [Cartoon] ” . In Best editorial cartoons of the year, , 1994 edition , Edited by: Brooks , C. 8 Gretna, LA : Pelican Publishing Company .
   Google Scholar
• Schorr , B. 1995 . [Cartoon] . San Francisco Examiner & Chronicle , July 23 : 8
   Google Scholar
• Sewell , E.H. 1987 . “ Exorcism of fools: Images of the televangelist in editorial cartoons ” . In The God pumpers: Religion in the electronic age , Edited by: Fishwick , M. and Brown , R.B. 46 – 59 . Bowling Green, OH : Bowling Green State University Popular Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sewell , E.H. . Editorial cartoon images of Bill Clinton in the 1992 Presidential campaign . Paper presented at the meeting of the Speech Communication Association . Miami, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Stayskal . 1995 . [Cartoon] . Tampa Tribune , March
   Google Scholar
• Steakley , J.D. 1983 . Iconography of a scandal: Political cartoons and the Eulenburg affair . Studies in Visual Communication, , 9 : 20 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Templin , C. . The political cartoon and the President's wife: Bashing Hillary . Paper presented at the meeting of the International Society for Humor Studies . Birmingham, England.
   Google Scholar
• Thomey , T. 1996 . Immortal images: A personal history of two photographers and the flag‐raising on Iwo Jima , Annapolis, MD. : Naval Institute Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weaver , R. 1953 . The ethics of rhetoric , Chicago : Henry Regency .
   Google Scholar
• Worth , S. 1981 . Studying visual communication. , Edited by: Gross , L. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar