Notes
- Rose , Nikolas . 1994 . “Expertise and the Government of Conduct,” . Studies in Law, Politics, and Society , 14 : 359 – 97 .
- Ross , Dorothy . 1992 . The Origins of American Social Science , 60 New York : Cambridge UP .
- Levine , Donald . 1995 . Visions of the Sociological Tradition , 268 Chicago : U of Chicago P .
- Stabile , Don . 1987 . “Veblen and the Political Economy of Technocracy: The Herald of the Technological Revolution Developed an Ideology of Scientific Collectivism,” . American Journal of Economics and Sociology , 46 : 33 – 48 .
- Callahan , Raymond . 1964 . Education and the Cult of Efficiency , 244 – 45 . Chicago : U of Chicago P .
- Timmons , George . 1998 . Education, Industrialization, and Selection , 87 New York : Routledge .
- Kevles , Daniel . 1995 . In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity , 82 – 84 . Cambridge : Harvard UP .
- Noble , Stuart . 1938 . A History of American Education , 389 New York : Farrar .
- Hilliard , Asa . 1988 . “Conceptual Confusion and the Persistence of Group Oppression Through Education,” . Equity and Excellence , 24 : 36 – 43 .
- Shavit , Yossi and Featherman , David L. 1988 . “Schooling, Tracking, and Teenage Intelligence,” . Sociology of Education , 32 : 42 – 51 .
- Perlmann , Joel . 1985 . “Curriculum and Tracking in the Transformation of the American High School: Providence R.I. 1880–1930,” . Journal of Social History , 19 : 29 – 55 .
- Spring , Joel . 1990 . The American Education, 1642–1990 , 239 New York : Longman .
- Ryan , Patrick . 1996 . “What's European Justice?” . The Economist , 309 : 52
- Juster , F. Thomas and Miller , Roberta Balstad . 1984 . “Technological Change and Social Scientific Research,” . Society , 21 : 90 – 91 .
- Nelson , John S. and Megill , Allan . 1986 . “Rhetoric of Inquiry: Projects and Prospects,” . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 72 : 20 – 37 .
- Rorty , Richard . 1987 . “Science as Solidarity,” . In The Rhetoric of the Human Sciences: Language and Argument in Scholarship and Public Affairs , Edited by: Nelson , John , Megill , Alan and McCloskey , Donald . 46 Madison : U of Wisconsin P .
- Farrell , Thomas . 1976 . “Knowledge, Consensus, and Rhetorical Theory,” . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 62 : 1 – 14 .
- Farrell , Thomas and Goodnight , Thomas . 1981 . “Accidental Rhetoric: The Root Metaphors of Three Mile Island,” . Communication Monographs , 48 : 271 – 300 .
- Taylor , Charles Alan . 1996 . Defining Science: A Rhetoric of Demarcation , 102 – 14 . Madison : U of Wisconsin P .
- Dewey , John . 1954 . The Public and its Problems , 163 – 65 . Chicago : Swallow .
- Wrong , Dennis H. 1990 . “The Influence of Sociological Ideas on American Culture,” . In Sociology in America , Edited by: Gans , Herbert J. 21 Newbury Park : Sage .
- Scott , Darryl Michael . 1996 . “Justifying Equality: Damage Imagery, Brown v. Board of Education, and the American Creed,” . Educational Foundations , 10 : 47 – 67 .
- Horkheimer , Max . 1993 . Between Philosophy and Social Science , Edited by: Hunter , G. Frederick , Kramer , Matthew and Torpey , John . 191 Cambridge : MIT .
- Davis , Philip J. and Hersh , Reuben . 1987 . “Rhetoric and Mathematics,” . In The Rhetoric of the Human Sciences , Edited by: Nelson , John S. , Megill , Alan and McCloskey , Donald N. 53 – 54 . Madison : U of Wisconsin P .
- Herrnstein , Richard and Murray , Charles . 1984 . The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life , 10 New York : Free Press .
- Giroux , Henry A. and Searls , Susan . 1996 . “Race Talk and The Bell Curve Debate: The Crisis of Democratic Vision,” . Cultural Critique , 34 : 5 – 26 .
- Fraser , Steven , ed. 1992 . The Bell Curve Wars , New York : Basic .
- Jacob , Russell and Glauberman , Naomi , eds. 1995 . The Bell Curve Debate: History, Documents, Opinions , New York : Times Books .
- Fischer , Claude S. , Hout , Michael , Jankowski , Martin Sanchez , Lucas , Samuel , Swindler , Ann and Voss , Kim . 1996 . Inequality by Design: Cracking the Bell Curve Myth , 31 – 33 . Princeton : Princeton UP .
- Hayman , Robert . 1998 . The Smart Culture: Society Intelligence and Law , 253 – 306 . New York : New York UP .
- D'Souza , Dinesh . 1995 . The End of Racism: Principles for a Multiracial Society , New York : Free Press .
- Kaplan , Linda and Kaplan , Charles . 1997 . “Democracy, Meritocracy, and the Cognitive Elite: The Real Thesis of The Bell Curve,” . Educational Theory , 47 : 425 – 31 .
- Houston , Paul . 1996 . “For Whom the Bell Tolls,” . Phi Delta Kappan , 78 : 124 – 26 .
- Graves , Joseph and Johnson , Amanda . 1995 . “The Pseudoscience of Psychometry and The Bell Curve,” . Journal of Negro Education , 64 : 277 – 94 .
- Graves , Joseph . 1995 . “The Pseudoscience of Psychometry and the Bell Curve" . Journal of Negro Education , 64 : 277 – 94 .
- Easterbrook , Gregg . “Blacktop Basketball and The Bell Curve” . The Bell Curve Debates , 30 – 43 .
- Gardner , Howard . “Scholarly Brinkmanship,” . The Bell Curve Debates , 61 – 72 .
- Wilson , Frank . 1995 . “For Whom Does the Bell Toll?: Meritocracy and the Cognitive Elite, and the Continuing Significance of Race in Postindustrial America,” . Journal of Negro Education , 64 : 253 – 66 .
- Willis , Ellen . “The Median is the Message,” . The Bell Curve Debates , 44 – 52 .
- Patterson , Orlando . 1995 . “For Whom the Bell Curves: IQ, Scores in Historical Perspective,” . Journal of Blacks in Higher Education , 7 : 80
- Rogers , Karen . 1996 . “What the Bell Curve Says and Doesn't Say: Is a Balanced View Possible,” . Roeper Review , 18 : 252 – 55 .
- Lane , Charles . “Tainted Sources,” . The Bell Curve Debates , 125 – 39 .
- Sedgewick , John . “Inside the Pioneer Fund,” . The Bell Curve Debates , 144 – 61 .
- Lawler , James . 1977 . “IO: Biological Fact or Methodological Construct,” . Science and Society , 41 : 208 – 18 .
- Vera , Hernan . 1995 . “Superior Intellect: Sincere Fictions of the White Self,” . Journal of Negro Education , 64 : 295 – 306 .
- Nisbett , Richard . “Dangerous, But Important,” . The Bell Curve Debates , 110 – 14 .
- Krishnan , Parmeswara . 1995 . "The Bell Curve: Some Statistical Concerns,” . Alberta Journal of Educational Research , 41 : 274 – 76 .
- Lieberman , Leonard . 1995 . “Hermstein and Murray Inc. IQ's RUs,” . American Behavioral Scientist , 39 : 25 – 34 .
- Gould , Stephen J. “Mismeasure by any Measure,” . The Bell Curve Debate , 3 – 13 .
- Abby , Steve . 1995 . “IQ and the Meritocracy: Deja vu All Over Again,” . Discourse , 16 : 253 – 61 .
- Rushton , Philippe . 1997 . “Racial Research and Final Solutions,” . Society , 34 : 78 – 82 .
- Tucker , Cynthia . “Resurgent Racism,” . The Bell Curve Debates , 286 – 88 .
- Apple , Michael . 1997 . ‘Justifying the Conservative Restoration: Morals, Genes, and Educational Policy,” . Educational Policy , 11 : 167 – 82 .
- Walters , Ronald . 1995 . “The Impact of the Bell Curve Ideology on African American Public Policy,” . American Behavioral Scientist , 39 : 98 – 108 .
- Fairchild , Halford . 1995 . “Unmasking Pseudoscience: Comments on How Skewed is the Bell Curve,” . Journal of Black Psychology , 21 : 297 – 99 .
- Miner , Barbara . 1995 . “Who is Backing the Bell Curve,” . Educational Leadership , 52 : 80 – 81 .
- Passel , Peter . “Sermonas Science,” . The Bell Curve Debates , 106 – 109 .
- Chidley , Joe . “The Heart of the Matter,” . The Bell Curve Debates , 119 – 24 .
- Kacapyr , Elia . 1997 . “It's not Easy Being Average,” . American Demographics , 19 : 32
- Cutler , Blayne . 1989 . “Meet Jane Doe,” . American Demographics , 11 : 24 – 27 .
- Hurlburt , Russell T. 1993 . “Developing Estimation Skills to Increase Students’ Comprehension of the Mean and Standard Deviation,” . Teaching Sociology , 21 : 177 – 81 .
- Bartels , Larry . 1987 . “Specification Uncertainty and Model Averaging,” . American Journal of Political Sciences , : 641 – 74 .
- Habermas , Jurgen . 1996 . On the Logic of the Social Sciences , Edited by: Nicholsen , Sherry Weber and Stark , Jerry . 12 Cambridge : MIT .
- Whitson , Steve and Poulakis , John . 1993 . “Nietzsche and the Aesthetics of Rhetoric,” . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 79 : 131 – 49 .
- Funkhouser , H. Gray . 1937 . “Historical Development of the Graphical Representation of Data,” . Osiris , 1 : 6
- Soja , Edward W. 1989 . Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory , 285 New York : Verso .
- Jay , Martin . 1991 . “Ideology and Occularcentrism: Is there Anything Behind the Mirror's Tain?” . In Intellectuals and Politics: Social Theory in a Changing World , Edited by: Lambert , Charles . 72 New York : Sage .
- Descartes , Rene . 1965 . Discourse on Method, Optics, Geometry and Meterology , Edited by: Oslcamp , Paul J. Indianapolis : Bobbs‐Merrill .
- Ong , Walter . 1982 . Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word , 78 – 86 . New York : Routledge .
- Houlgate , Stephen . 1993 . “Vision, Reflection, and Openness: The Hegemony of Vision from a Hegelian Point of View,” . In Modernity and the Hegemony of Vision , Edited by: Levin , David . 87 – 123 . Berkeley : U of California P .
- Krizek , Robert and Nakayama , Thomas . 1995 . “Whiteness: A Strategic Rhetoric,” . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 81 : 291 – 309 .
- Anderson , Charles W. “The Human Sciences and the Liberal Polity in Rhetorical Relationship,” . The Rhetoric of the Human Sciences , 341 – 62 .
- Lowenberg , Frank . 1974 . “Toward a Sociological Perspective on Social Welfare Strategies,” . In Social Science and Social Welfare , Edited by: Romanyshyn , John . 43 – 69 . New York : CSWE .
- Fox‐Genovese , Elizabeth . 1985 . “Literary Criticism and the Politics of the New Historicism,” . In The New Historicism , Edited by: Veeser , H. Aram . 213 – 24 . New York : Routledge .
- Ankersmit , Frank . 1995 . “Statements, Texts, and Pictures,” . In A New Philosophy of History , Edited by: Ankersmit , Frank and Kellner , Hans . 212 – 40 . Chicago : U of Chicago P .
- Lefebvre , Henri . 1974 . The Production of Space , Edited by: Nicholson‐Smith , Donald . 285 Oxford : Blackwell .
- Roberts , Rhys , ed. 1954 . The Rhetoric , 1389 Modern : New York .
- Parzen , Emanuel . 1960 . Modern Probability Theory and its Applications , 23 New York : Wiley and Sons .
- Kamlah , Andreas . 1987 . “The Decline of the Laplacian Theory of Probability: A Study of Stumpf, von Kries, and Meiong,” . In The Probablistic Revolution Vol. 1: Ideas in the Sciences , Edited by: Kruger , Lorenz , Daston , Loraine and Heiddleberger , Michael . Vol. 1 , 91 – 116 . Cambridge : MITP .
- Hall , Tord . 1970 . Carl Friedrich Gauss: A Biography by Tord Hall , Edited by: Froderberg , Alberts . 80 Cambridge : MIT P .
- Buhler , W.K. 1981 . Gauss: A Biographical Study , 140 New York : Springer‐Verlag .
- Kennedy , Peter . 1985 . A Guide to Econometrics , 11 – 13 . Cambridge : MIT .
- Pindyck , Roberts and Rubinfield , Daniel . 1991 . Econometric Models and Economic Forecasts , 27 – 29 . New York : McGraw‐Hill .
- Hacking , Ian . 1971 . The Emergence of Probability , 131 – 33 . New York : Cambridge UP .
- Hacking , Ian . 1981 . “How Should we do the History of Statistics?” . I‐and‐C , 8 : 15 – 26 .
- Poovey , Mary . 1991 . “Figures of Arithmetic, Figures of Speech: The Discourse of Statistics in the 1830s,” . In Questions of Evidence: Proof, Practice, and Persuasion Across Disciplines , Edited by: Chandler , James , Davidson , Arnold and Harootunian , Harry . 401 – 21 . Chicago : U of Chicago P .
- Kruger , Lorenz . “The Slow Rise of Probablism: Philosophical Arguments in the Nineteenth Century,” . In The Probablistic Revolution 74 – 76 .
- Hacking , Ian . 1992 . The Taming of Chance , 106 New York : Cambridge UP .
- Pile , Steve and Thrift , Nigel . 1998 . “Mapping the Subject,” . In Mapping the Subject: Geographies of Cultural Transformation , Edited by: Pile , Steve and Thrift , Nigel . 48 New York : Routledge .
- Newts , Marcel . 1973 . Probability , 174 Boston : Allyn and Bacon .
- Stern , Michael . “Dystopian Fable,” . The Bell Curve Debates , 117
- McGee , Michael Calvin . 1975 . “The People: A Rhetorical Alternative,” . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 61 : 235 – 49 .
- Charland , Maurice . 1987 . “Constitutive Rhetoric: The Case of the Peuple Quebecois,” . Quarterly Journal of Speech , 73 : 133 – 50 .
- Anderson , Benedict . 1983 . Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism , 7 New York : Verso .
- Blumin , Stuart M. 1989 . The Emergence of the Middle Class: Social Experience in the American City, 1760–1900 , 10 Cambridge : Cambridge UP .
- Wahrman , Dror . 1995 . Imagining the Middle Class: The Political Representation of Class in Britain, c. 1780–1840 , 373 Cambridge : Cambridge UP .
- Adler , Jerry . 1995 . “The Rise of the Overclass,” . Newsweek , 31 June : 32
- Ehrle , Lynn . 1996 . “The Myth of the Middle Class,” . Humanist , 56 : 17 – 20 .
- Hechter , Michael . 1992 . “Should Values be Written out of the Social Scientist's Lexicon,” . Sociological Theory , 10 : 214 – 30 .
- Lawler , Robert . 1992 . Sacred Geometry: Philosophy and Practice , 53 London : Thames and Hudson .
- Condit , Celeste . 1994 . “Hegemony in Mass‐Mediated Society: Concordance About Reproductive Technologies,” . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 11 : 205 – 30 .
- Cloud , Dana L. 1996 . “Hegemony or Concordance? The Rhetoric of Tokenism in Oprah Winfrey's Rags‐To‐Riches Story,” . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 13 : 115 – 37 .
- Aristotle . 1980 . Nicomachean Ethics , Edited by: Ross , David . 1131a27 Oxford : Oxford UP .
- Young , Robert . 1990 . “Scientism in the History of Management Theory,” . Science as Culture , 8 : 118 – 43 .
- Hikka , Summa . 1992 . “The Rhetoric of Efficiency: Applied Social Science as Depoliticization,” . In Text/Context: The Rhetoric of the Social Sciences , Edited by: Brown , Richard Harvey . 135 – 53 . New York : De Gruyter .
- Rudin , Bradley . 1973 . “Industrial Betterment and Scientific Management as Social Control, 1890–1920,” . Berkeley Journal of Sociology , 17 : 59 – 77 .
- Ezrahi , Yaron . 1995 . “The Theatrics and Mechanics of Action: The Theater and the Machine as Political Metaphors,” . Social Research , 62 : 299 – 322 .
- Levine , Donald N. 1996 . “The Organism Metaphor in Sociology,” . Social Research , 62 : 239 – 65 .
- Goldberg , David . 1993 . Racist Culture: Philosophy and the Politics of Meaning , 152 – 54 . Oxford : Blackwell .
- Guillaumin , Collette . 1995 . Racism, Sexism, Power and Ideology , 54 – 57 . Routledge : New York .
- Reill , Peter Hanns . 1986 . “Narration and Structure in Late Eighteenth‐Century Historical Thought,” . History and Theory , 25 : 286 – 98 .
- Gould , Stephen Jay . 1996 . The Mismeasure of Man , 109 New York : Norton . 1981;
- Janowitz , Morris . 1975 . “Sociological Theory and Social Control,” . American Journal of Sociology , 81 : 82 – 108 .
- Malik , Kenan . 1996 . The Meaning of Race: Race, History, and Culture in Western Society , 45 – 50 . New York : New York UP .
- Livingstone , Frank B. 1993 . “On the Non‐Existence of Human Races,” . In The Racial Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future , Edited by: Harding , Sandra . 133 – 44 . Bloomington : Indiana UP .
- Reynolds , Larry T. 1992 . “A Retrospective on Race: The Career of a Concept,” . Sociological Focus , 25 : 1 – 14 .
- Omi , Michael and Winant , Howard . 1994 . Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960's to the 1990's , 3 – 4 . New York : Routledge .
- Goldberg , David Theo . 1993 . Racist Culture: Philosophies and Politics of Meaning , 92 – 95 . Oxford : Blackwell .
- Gitlin , Todd . 1995 . The Twilight of Common Dreams: Why America is Wracked by Culture Wars , 223 – 37 . New York : Holt .
- Hughes , Henry . 1973 . “A Treatise on Sociology,” . In Slavery Defended: The Views of the Old South , Edited by: Mckitrick , Eric L. 51 – 56 . New York : Prentice .
- Romanyshyn , Robert D. 1992 . “The Human Body as Historical Matter and Cultural Symbol,” . In Giving the Body its Due , Edited by: Sheets‐Johnstone , Maxine . 161 New York : New York UP .
- Hemphill , Dallett . 1996 . “Middle Class Rising in Revolutionary America: The Evidence From Manners,” . Journal of Social History , 30 : 317 – 44 .
- Wagner , David . 1996 . The New Temperance: The American Obsession With Sin and Vice , 30 – 32 . Boulder : Westview .
- Weber , Max . 1958 . The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism , Edited by: Parsons , Talcott . 163 New York : Scribner's .
- Bercovitch , Sacvan . 1978 . The American Jeremiad , 42 Madison : U of Wisconsin P .
- Smith , Adam . 1897 . The Theory of Moral Sentiments , London : Clarendon . Sec. 1
- Kramer , Mathew H. 1997 . John Locke and the Origins of Private Property: Philosophical Explorations of Individualism, Community, and Equality , 47 Cambridge : Cambridge UP .
- Holmes , Nigel . 1984 . Designer's Guide to Creating Charts and Diagrams , 42 New York : Watson‐Guptill .
- Harvey , David . 1989 . The Condition of Postmodernity , 205 Cambridge, MA : Blackwell .
- McLeod , Owen . 1999 . “Desert and Wages,” . In What do we Deserve?: A Reader on Justice and Desert , Edited by: Pojman , Louis and McLeod , Owen . 273 – 77 . New York : Oxford UP .
- Schapiro , Meyer . 1994 . Theory and Philosophy of Art: Style Artist and Society , 20 New York : Braziller .
- Nair , R. Shankar . 1995 . “What About the Middle Class?” . Chicago Tribune , May 23 : 2a
- Condit , Celeste and Lucaites , John Loui s . 1993 . Crafting Equality: America's Anglo‐African Word , 201 – 02 . Chicago : U of Chicago P .
- Harding , Sandra . 1986 . The Science Question in Feminism , 77 Ithaca : Cornell UP .
- Cohen , Patricia Cline . 1982 . A Calculating People: The Spread of Numeracy in Early America , 155 Chicago : U of Chicago P .
- Hughes , Donna M. 1995 . “Significant Differences: The Construction of Knowledge, Objectivity, and Dominance,” . Women's Studies International Forum , 18 : 395 – 406 .
- Blau , Peter M. 1977 . Inequality and Heterogeneity: A Primitive Theory of Social Structure , 70 Macmillan : London .
- Burke , Kenneth . 1961 . The Rhetoric of Religion: Studies in Logology , 39 Berkeley : U of California P .
- Carter , Simon . 1995 . “Boundaries of Danger and Uncertainty,” An Analysis of the Technological Culture of Risk Assessment,” . In Medicine, Health and Risk: Sociological Approaches , Edited by: Gabe , Jonathan . 133 – 150 . Oxford : Blackwell .
- Lewontin , R.C. , Rose , Steven and Kamin , Leon J. 1993 . “IQ: The Rank Ordering of the World,” . In The Racial Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future , Edited by: Harding , Sandra . 149 Bloomington : Indiana UP .
- Stigler , Stephen M. 1986 . The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainly Before 1900 , 328 Cambridge : Harvard UP .
- Banerjee , Amal . 1993 . “The Triumph of Chance Over Necessity,” . Journal of European Studies , 23 : 315 – 24 .
- Porte , Todd, R. La . 1996 . “High Reliability Organizations: Unlikely, Demanding and at Risk,” . Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management , 4 : 60 – 71 .
- Wilenski , Peter . 1981 . “Efficiency or Equity: Competing Values in Administrative Reform,” . Social Planning , 9 : 1239 – 249 .
- Mitchell , Giles and Stevens , L. Robert . 1982 . “Darwin and the Heroic Conception of Chance,” . The Midwest Quarterly , 23 : 304 – 16 .
- Faber , Jan and Koppelaar , Henk . 1994 . “Chaos Theory and Social Science: A Methodological Analysis,” . Quality and Quantity , 28 : 421 – 23 .
- Gregerson , Hal and Sailer , Lee . 1993 . “Chaos Theory and its Implications for Social Science Research,” . Human Relations , 46 : 777 – 802 .
- Oldfield , Kenneth and Hutchinson , Janet . 1997 . “Predictive Validity of the Graduate Record Examination With and Without Range Restrictions,” . Psychological Reports , 81 : 211 – 20 .
- Oldfield , Kenneth . 1996 . “The Political and Economic Reasons the Graduate Record Examination Persists Despite its Generally Low Predictive Validity,” . Journal of Thought , 31 : 55 – 68 .
- Oldfield , Kenneth . 1994 . “On the Importance of Informing Students About the Potential Risk Associated With Taking the Graduate Record Examination,” . Journal of Thought , 29 : 61 – 70 .
- 1996 . Representations , 5 : 185
- West , Cornel . 1994 . “Equality and Identity,” . In Debating Affirmative Action: Race, Gender, Ethnicity, and the Politics of Inclusion , Edited by: Mills , Nicholaus . 83 New York : Delta .
- Sacks , Peter . 1997 . “Standardized Testing: Meritocracy's Crooked Yardstick,” . Change , 2/29 : 24
- Cash , Regina . 1995 . “The Wrongs of the Right,” . Essence , September : 86
- Foner , Eric . 1995 . “Hiring Quota's for White Males Only; Affirmative Action,” . The Nation , 260/25 : 924
- Jordan , June . 1995 . “In the Land of White Supremacy,” . The Progressive , 59/6 : 21
- Collins , Randall . 1984 . “Statistics Versus Words,” . Sociological Theory , 2 : 329 – 62 .