32
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Youth Physical Fitness Awards

, &
Pages 200-218 | Published online: 16 Mar 2012

References

  • AMERICAN Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance . 1976 . Youth fitness test manual. Reston , VA : Author. .
  • AMERICAN Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance . 1988 . Physical best: The American Alliance physical fitness education & assessment program. Reston , VA : Author. .
  • AMERICAN Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation . 1958 . Youth fitness test manual. Washington : NEA Publications-Sales. .
  • AMERICAN Association for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation . 1965 . Youth fitness test manual. Washington : NEA Publications-Sales. .
  • Balcazar , F. , Hopkins , B. L. and Suarez , Y. 1985 . A critical, objective review of performance feedback . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 7 : 65 – 89 .
  • Barnett , M. L. 1977 . Effects of two methods of goal setting on learning a gross motor task . Research Quarterly , 48 : 19 – 23 .
  • Barnett , M. L. and Stanicek , J. A. 1979 . Effects of goal setting on achievement in archery . Research Quarterly , 50 : 328 – 332 .
  • Bassett , G. A. 1979 . A study of the effects of task goal and schedule choice on work performance . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 24 : 202 – 227 .
  • Biddle , S. J.H. 1986 . Incentive schemes in exercise: Saints or sinners? Health and Physical Education Project Newsletter (No. 3) . The British Journal of Physical Education , 17 ( 2 ) : iv – vii .
  • Bouchard , C. and Lortie , G. 1984 . Heredity and endurance performance . Sports Medicine , 1 : 38 – 64 .
  • Bouchard , C. and Malina , R. M. 1983 . Genetics of physiological fitness and motor performance . Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews , 11 : 306 – 339 .
  • Corbin , C. B. 1987 . Youth fitness, exercise and health: There is much to be done . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 58 : 308 – 314 .
  • Corbin , C. B. , Lovejoy , P. J. , Steingard , P. and Emerson , R. Fitness awards: Success rates for selected test batteries. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance . Las Vegas .
  • Deci , E. L. 1971 . Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 18 : 105 – 115 .
  • Deci , E. L. 1975 . Intrinsic motivation. New York : Plenum. .
  • Deci , E. L. 1980 . The psychology of self-determination. Lexington , MA : Lexington Books. .
  • Deci , E. L. and Ryan , R. M. 1980 . “ The empirical exploration of intrinsic motivational processes. ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology Edited by: Berkowitz , L. Vol. 13 , New York : Academic Press. .
  • Deci , E. L. and Ryan , R. M. 1985 . Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. New York : Plenum. .
  • Deci , E. L. , Schwartz , A. L. , Sheinman , L. and Ryan , R. M. 1981 . An instrument to assess adults’ orientations toward control versus autonomy with children: Reflections on intrinsic motivation and perceived competence . Journal of Educational Psychology , 73 : 642 – 650 .
  • Erez , M. and Kanfer , F. H. 1983 . The role of goal acceptance in goal setting and task performance . Academy of Management Review , 8 : 454 – 463 .
  • Feltz , D. L. 1988 . Self-confidence and sports performance . Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews , 16 : 423 – 457 .
  • Feltz , D. L. and Petlichkoff , L. 1983 . Perceived competence among interscholastic sport participants and dropouts . Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Science , 8 : 231 – 235 .
  • Gowen , C. R. III . 1985 . Managing work group performance by individual goals and group goals for an interdependent group task . Journal of Organizational Behavior Management , 7 : 5 – 27 .
  • Hall , H. K. , Weinberg , R. S. and Jackson , A. 1987 . Effects of goal specificity, goal difficulty, and information feedback on endurance performance . Journal of Sport Psychology , 9 : 43 – 54 .
  • Harter , S. 1978 . Effectance motivation reconsidered: Toward a developmental model . Human Development , 21 : 34 – 64 .
  • Harter , S. 1980 . The development of competence motivation in the mastery of cognitive and physical skills: Is there still a place for joy? . Psychology of Motor Behavior and Sport , : 3 – 29 .
  • Harter , S. 1981a . “ A model of mastery motivation in children: Individual differences and developmental change. ” . In Aspects of the development of competence: The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology Edited by: Collins , W. A. Vol. 14 , Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum. .
  • Harter , S. 1981b . A new self-report scale of intrinsic versus extrinsic orientation in the classroom: Motivational and informational components . Developmental Psychology , 17 : 300 – 312 .
  • Harter , S. 1983 . “ The development of the self-system. ” . In Handbook of child psychology: Social and personality development Edited by: Hetherington , M. Vol. 4 , New York : Wiley. .
  • Harter , S. 1985a . “ Processes in the formation, maintenance, and enhancement of the self-concept. ” . In Psychological perspectives on the self Edited by: Suls , J. and Greenwald , A. Vol. 3 , Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum. .
  • Harter , S. 1985b . “ Competence as a dimension of self-evaluation: Toward a comprehensive model of self-worth. ” . In The development of the self. Edited by: Leahy , R. L. New York : Academic Press. .
  • Harter , S. 1985c . Manual for the self-perception profile for children. Denver : University of Denver. .
  • Harter , S. and Connell , J. P. 1984 . “ A model of children's achievement and related self-perceptions of competence, control, and motivational orientation. ” . In The development of achievement-related cognitions and behaviors. Edited by: Nicholls , J. Greenwich , CT : J.A.I Press. .
  • Hollingsworth , B. 1975 . Effects of performance goals and anxiety on learning a gross motor task . Research Quarterly , 46 : 162 – 168 .
  • INSTITUTE for Aerobics Research . 1987 . Fitnessgram. Dallas : Author. .
  • Klissouras , V. 1976 . Prediction of athletic performance: Genetic considerations . Canadian Journal of Applied Sports Sciences , 1 : 195 – 200 .
  • Komaki , J. , Barwick , K. D. and Scott , L. R. 1978 . A behavioral approach to occupational safety: Pinpointing and reinforcing safe performance in a food manufacturing plant . Journal of Applied Psychology , 64 : 434 – 445 .
  • Krahenbuhl , G. S. , Skinner , J. S. and Kohrt , W. M. 1985 . Developmental aspects of maximal aerobic power in children . Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews , 13 : 503 – 538 .
  • Kraus , H. and Hirschland , R. P. 1954 . Minimum muscular fitness tests in schoolchildren . Research Quarterly , 25 : 178 – 188 .
  • Latham , G. P. and Locke , E. A. 1975 . Increasing productivity with decreasing time limits: A field replication of Parkinson's law . Journal of Applied Psychology , 60 : 524 – 526 .
  • Latham , G. P. and Yukl , G. A. 1975 . Assigned versus participative goal setting with educated and uneducated woods workers . Journal of Applied Psychology , 60 : 299 – 302 .
  • Locke , E. A. 1966 . The relationship of intentions to level of performance . Journal of Applied Psychology , 50 : 60 – 66 .
  • Locke , E. A. 1967 . Motivational effects of knowledge of results: Knowledge or goal setting? . Journal of Applied Psychology , 51 : 324 – 329 .
  • Locke , E. A. 1968 . Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 3 : 157 – 189 .
  • Locke , E. A. and Bryan , J. F. 1966 . The effects of goal-setting, rale-learning, and knowledge of score on performance . American Journal of Psychology , 79 : 451 – 457 .
  • Locke , E. A. and Bryan , J. F. 1967 . Performance goals as determinants of level of performance and boredom . Journal of Applied Psychology , 51 : 120 – 130 .
  • Locke , E. A. and Bryan , J. F. 1968 . Goal-setting as a determinant of the effect of knowledge of score on performance . American Journal of Psychology , 81 : 398 – 406 .
  • Locke , E. A. and Bryan , J. F. 1969 . The directing function of goals in task performance . Organizational Behavior and Human Performance , 4 : 35 – 42 .
  • Locke , E. A. , Cartledge , N. and Koeppel , J. 1968 . Motivational effects of knowledge of results: A goal-setting phenomenon? . Psychological Bulletin , 70 : 474 – 485 .
  • Locke , E. A. and Latham , G. P. 1984 . Goal-setting: A motivational technique that works. Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall. .
  • Locke , E. A. and Latham , G. P. 1985 . The application of goal setting to sports . Journal of Sport Psychology , 7 : 205 – 222 .
  • Locke , E. A. , Shaw , K. N. , Saari , L. M. and Latham , G. P. 1981 . Goal setting and task performance: 1969–1980 . Psychological Bulletin , 90 : 125 – 152 .
  • Lovejoy , P. Y. 1988 . The effect of goal setting and knowledge of results on the performance of a motor task. Arizona State University. . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  • Lovejoy , P. Y. , Corbin , C. B. , Emerson , R. and Steingard , P. Criteria for fitness awards: Contribution of performance and health-related measures. Paper presented to the American College of Sports Medicine Convention . Las Vegas .
  • Manderlink , G. and Harackiewicz , J. M. 1984 . Proximal vs. distal goal setting and intrinsic motivation . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 47 : 918 – 928 .
  • Mento , A. J. , Steel , R. P. and Karren , R. J. 1987 . A meta-analytic study of the effects of goal setting on task performance: 1966–1984 . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 39 : 52 – 83 .
  • Mossholder , K. W. 1980 . Effects of externally mediated goal setting on intrinsic motivation: A laboratory experiment . Journal of Applied Psychology , 65 : 202 – 210 .
  • Nemeroff , W. F. and Cosentino , J. 1979 . Utilizing feedback and goal setting to increase performance appraisal interviewer skills of managers . Academy of Management Journal , 22 : 566 – 576 .
  • Orlick , T. D. and Mosher , R. 1978 . Extrinsic rewards and participant motivation in a sport task . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 9 : 27 – 39 .
  • Piaget , J. 1952 . The origins of intelligence in children. New York : International University Press. .
  • Plant , R. and Ryan , R. M. 1985 . Self-consciousness, self-awareness, ego-involvement, and intrinsic motivation: An investigation of internally controlling styles . Journal of Personality , 53 : 435 – 449 .
  • PRESIDENT'S Council on Physical Fitness and Sports . 1985 . The Presidential Physical Fitness Award Program. Washington : Author. .
  • Reiff , G. G. , Dixon , W. R. , Jacoby , D. , Ye , G. X. , Spain , C. G. and Hunsicker , P. A. 1986 . The President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports 1985: National School Population Fitness Survey. Ann Arbor : University of Michigan. .
  • Roberts , G. C. , Kleiber , D. A. and Duda , J. L. 1981 . An analysis of motivation in children's sport: The role of perceived competence in participation . Journal of Sport Psychology , 3 : 203 – 216 .
  • Ryan , E. D. 1977 . “ Attribution, intrinsic motivation, and athletics. ” . In Proceedings of the NCPEA/NAPECW National Conference. Edited by: Gedvilas , L. I. and Kneer , M. E. Chicago : University of Illinois at Chicago. .
  • Ryan , R. M. 1982 . Control and information in the interpersonal sphere: An extension of cognitive evaluation theory . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 43 : 450 – 461 .
  • Ryan , R. M. , Mims , V. and Koestner , R. 1983 . Relation of reward contingency and interpersonal context to intrinsic motivation: A review and test using cognitive evaluation theory . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 45 : 736 – 750 .
  • Vallerand , R. J. 1982 . “ Effects of extrinsic motivation in sports: Implications for coaches. ” . In Sports in perspective. Edited by: Partington , J. T. , Orlick , T. and Salmela , J. H. Ottawa : Coaching Association of Canada. .
  • Vallerand , R. J. 1983 . Effect of differential amounts of positive verbal feedback on the intrinsic motivation of male hockey players . Journal of Sport Psychology , 5 : 100 – 107 .
  • Vallerand , R. J. , Deci , E. L. and Ryan , R. M. 1987 . “ Intrinsic motivation in sport. ” . In Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews Edited by: Pandolf , K. B. Vol. 15 , New York : Macmillan. .
  • Vallerand , R. J. , Gauvin , L. I. and Halliwell , W. R. 1986a . Effects of zero-sum competition on children's intrinsic motivation and perceived competence . Journal of Social Psychology , 126 : 465 – 472 .
  • Vallerand , R. J. , Gauvin , L. I. and Halliwell , W. R. 1986b . Negative effects of competition on children's intrinsic motivation . The Journal of Social Psychology , 126 : 649 – 656 .
  • Vallerand , R. J. and Reid , G. 1984 . On the causal effects of perceived competence on intrinsic motivation: A test of cognitive evaluation theory . Journal of Sport Psychology , 6 : 94 – 102 .
  • Weinberg , R. , Bruya , L. and Jackson , A. 1985 . The effects of goal proximity and goal specificity on endurance performance . Journal of Sport Psychology , 7 : 296 – 305 .
  • Weinberg , R. S. and Jackson , A. 1979 . Competition and extrinsic rewards: Effect on intrinsic motivation and attribution . Research Quarterly , 50 : 494 – 502 .
  • Weiss , M. R. 1987 . “ Self-esteem and achievement in children's sport and physical activity. ” . In Advances in pediatric sport sciences Edited by: Gould , D. and Weiss , M. R. Vol. 2 , 87 – 119 . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics. .
  • Weiss , M. R. , Bredemeier , B. J. and Shewchuk , R. M. 1985 . An intrinsic/extrinsic motivation scale for the youth sport setting: A confirmatory factor analysis . Journal of Sport Psychology , 7 : 75 – 91 .
  • Weiss , M. R. , Bredemeier , B. J. and Shewchuk , R. M. 1986 . “ The dynamics of perceived competence, perceived control, and motivational orientation in youth sport. ” . In Sport for children and youths: The 1984 Olympic Scientific Congress Proceedings Edited by: Weiss , M. R. and Gould , D. Vol. 10 , 89 – 102 . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics. .
  • Weiss , M. R. and Shewchuk , R. M. The motivational orientation in sport scale: A replication and validation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity . Gulf Park , MS .
  • White , R. W. 1959 . Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence . Psychological Review , 66 ( 5 ) : 297 – 333 .
  • White , S. E. , Mitchell , T. R. and Bell , C. H. Jr. 1977 . Goal setting evaluation apprehension and social cues as determinants of job performance and job satisfaction in a simulated organization . Journal of Applied Psychology , 62 : 665 – 673 .
  • Whitehead , J. R. 1988 . Motivational and self-perception outcomes of physical fitness tests on school children. Arizona State University. . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
  • Zuckerman , M. , Porac , J. , Lathin , D. , Smith , R. and Deci , E. L. 1978 . On the importance of self-determination for intrinsically motivated behavior . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 4 : 443 – 446 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.