Critical Analysis of the Popular Media and the Concept of Ideal Subject Position: Sports Illustrated as Case Study

References

• Allen , R. C. 1987 . Channels of discourse: television and contemporary criticism. Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Audit Bureau of Circulation . 1991 . Magazine publisher's statement; Schaumburg , IL : Author. . Sports Illustrated
   Google Scholar
• Barrett , M. , Corrigan , P. , Kuhn , A. and Wolff , J. 1979 . Ideology and cultural production. New York : St. Martin's Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Betterton , R. 1987 . Looking on: Images of femininity in the visual arts and media. New York : Pandora. .
   Google Scholar
• Budd , M. , Entman , R. M. and Steinman , C. 1990 . The affirmative character of U.S. cultural studies . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 7 : 169 – 184 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgin , V. 1982 . “ Photography, phantasy, function. ” . In Thinking Photography Edited by: Burgin , V. 177 – 216 . London : MacMillan. .
   Google Scholar
• Condit , C. M. 1989 . The rhetorical limits of polysemy . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 6 : 103 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Condor , R. and Anderson , D. F. 1984 . Longitudinal analysis of coverage of black and white athletes in feature Articles of Sports Illustrated (1960–1980) . Journal of Sport Behavior , 7 : 39 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Connecticut General Life Insurance . 1964 . [Advertisement] . Sports Illustrated , February 17 : 1
   Google Scholar
• Consort Hairspray for Men . 1984 . [Advertisement] . Sports Illustrated , November 5 : 103
   Google Scholar
• Consumer Magazine Circulation . 1990 . Advertising Age , August 20 : 42
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , T. Photographer . 1970 . The girls from the mountian next door . Sports Illustrated , March 16 : 36
   Google Scholar
• Crown Royal . 1984 . [Advertisement] . Sports Illustrated , December 10 : 39 [Advertisement]
   Google Scholar
• Curran , J. , Gurevitch , M. and Woollacott , J. 1977 . Mass communication and society. London : Open University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , L. 1992 . The swimsuit issue and sport: Setting a climate of hegemonic masculinity in University of Iowa. . Sports Illustrated. Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Davis , L. and Delano , L. 1992 . Fixing the boundaries of physical gender: Side effects of anti-drug campaigns in athletics . Sociology of Sport Journal , 9 : 1 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deford , F. 1976 . An honest travel story . Sports Illustrated , January 26 : 32
   Google Scholar
• Diamond Anniversery Ring . 1987 . [Advertisement] . Sports Illustrated , July 6 : 103
   Google Scholar
• Don Bowden Associates . 1988 . The subscribing households of Sports Illustrated: National edition. New York : Time. .
   Google Scholar
• Don Bowden Associates . 1990 . The subscribing households of Sports Illustrated: Business edition. New York : Time. .
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , M. C. 1990 . Sport photographs and sexual difference: Images of women and men in the 1984 and 1988 Olympic games . Sociology of Sport Journal , 7 : 22 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan , M. D. and Brummett , B. Liberal and radical sources of female empowerment in sport media. Paper presented at North American Society for the Sociology of Sport . Milwaukee , WI . November .
   Google Scholar
• Dyer , G. 1982 . Advertising as communication. New York : Methuen. .
   Google Scholar
• Erickson , J. L. 1987 . Foes try hard, but ‘SI’ still laps the field . Advertising Age , My 13 : S-20
   Google Scholar
• Fiske , J. 1987a . “ British cultural studies and television. ” . In Channels of Discourse: Television and Contemporary Criticism Edited by: Allen , R. C. 254 – 289 . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Fiske , J. 1987b . Television culture. New York : Methuen. .
   Google Scholar
• Fiske , J. 1988 . Critical response: Meaningful moments . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 5 : 249 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Golding , P. and Murdock , G. 1979 . “ Ideology and the mass media: The question of determination. ” . In Ideology and Cultural Production Edited by: Barrett , M. , Corrigan , P. , Kuhn , A. and Wolff , J. 198 – 224 . New York : St. Martin's Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Gurevitch , M. , Bennett , T. , Curran , J. and Woollacott , J. 1982 . Culture, society and the media. New York : Methuen. .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , S. 1977 . “ Culture, the media and the ‘ideological effect.’. ” . In Mass Communication and Society Edited by: Curran , J. , Gurevitch , M. and Woollacott , J. 315 – 348 . London : Open University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , S. 1984 . “ Encoding/decoding. ” . In Culture, Media, Language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972–79 Edited by: Hall , S. , Hobson , D. , Lowe , A. and Willis , P. 128 – 138 . London : Hutchinson & University of Birmingham, Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies. .
   Google Scholar
• Hall , S. , Hobson , D. , Lowe , A. and Willis , P. 1984 . Culture, media, language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972–79. London : Hutchinson & University of Birmingham, The Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies. .
   Google Scholar
• Hiram Walker . 1971 . [Advertisement] . Sports Illustrated , April 26 : 93
   Google Scholar
• Holland , P. , Spence , J. and Watney , S. 1986 . “ Introduction: The politics and sexual politics of pornography. ” . In Photography/politics: Two Edited by: Holland , P. , Spence , J. and Whatney , S. 1 – 7 . London : Comedia. .
   Google Scholar
• Honda Motor Company . 1975 . [Advertisement] . Sports Illustrated , April 7 : 97
   Google Scholar
• Home , J. Generalist sports magazines in the U.S.A. and U.K.: Researching representations of sport. Paper presented at North American Society for the Sociology of Sport . Cincinnati , OH . November .
   Google Scholar
• Howell , J. 1991 . “A revolution in motion”: Advertising and the politics of nostalgia . Sociology of Sport Journal , 8 : 258 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen , K. B. 1987 . Qualitative audience research: Toward an integrative approach to reception . Critical Studies in Mass Communication , 4 : 21 – 36 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jhally , S. 1987 . The codes of advertising: Fetishism and the political economy of meaning in consumer society. New York : Routledge. .
   Google Scholar
• Jhally , S. 1989 . “ Cultural studies and the sports/media complex. ” . In Media, Sports, and Society Edited by: Wenner , L. A. 70 – 93 . Newbury Park , CA : Sage. .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , R. 1986/1987 . What is cultural studies anyway? . Social Text , 16 : 38 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• “Jumpers, Knickers and Winter's Prettiest Girls.” . 1966 . Sports Illustrated , December 12 : 50
   Google Scholar
• Kane , M. J. 1988 . Media coverage of female athletes before, during and after Title IX: Sports Illustrated revisited . Journal of Sport Management , 2 : 87 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Kang , J. 1988 . Sports, media and cultural dependency . Journal of Contemporary Asia , 18 : 430 – 433 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , E. A. , Bergstrom , J. and Doane , M. A. 1990 . The spectatrix [Special issue] . Camera Obscura , 20/21 : 194 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Kendall Company . 1976 . [Advertisement] . Sports Illustrated , June 14 : 17
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn , A. 1982 . Women's pictures: Feminism and cinema. Boston : Routledge & Kegan Paul. .
   Google Scholar
• Lumpkin , A. and Williams , L. D. 1991 . An analysis of Sports Illustrated feature articles, 1954–1987 . Sociology of Sport Journal , 8 : 16 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCulloch Corporation . 1976 . [Advertisement] . Sports Illustrated , November 29 : 23
   Google Scholar
• McKay , J. and Rowe , D. 1987 . Ideology, the media, and Austrlaian sport . Sociology of Sport Journal , 4 : 258 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Metz , C. 1985 . “ From the imaginary signifier. ” . In Film theory and criticism, , 3rd ed. Edited by: Mast , G. and Cohen , M. 782 – 802 . New York : Oxford University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Mexicali Musk for Men . 1988 . [Advertisement] . Sports Illustrated , November 7 : 11
   Google Scholar
• Mexico Ministry of Tourism . 1984 . [Advertisement] . Sports Illustrated , December 24–31 : 5
   Google Scholar
• Morley , D. 1980 . The “nationwide” audience: Structure and decoding. London : British Film Institute. .
   Google Scholar
• Morley , D. 1984 . “ Texts, readers, subjects. ” . In Culture, media, language: Working Papers in Cultural Studies, 1972–79 Edited by: Hall , S. , Hobson , D. , Lowe , A. and Willis , P. 162 – 173 . London : Hutchinson & University of Birmingham, The Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies. .
   Google Scholar
• Morley , D. 1986 . Family television: Cultural power and domestic leisure. London : Comedia. .
   Google Scholar
• Mulvey , L. 1985 . “ Visual pleasure and narrative cinema. ” . In Film theory and criticism, , 3rd ed. Edited by: Mast , G. and Cohen , M. 803 – 816 . New York : Oxford University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Murdock , G. 1982 . “ Large corporations and the control of the communications industries. ” . In Culture, society and the media Edited by: Gurevitch , M. , Bennett , T. , Curran , J. and Woollacott , J. 118 – 150 . New York : Methuen. .
   Google Scholar
• Myre , G. January 9 1984 . “ Shopwalk. ” . In Sports Illustrated January 9 , 7
   Google Scholar
• Nichols , B. 1981 . Ideology and the image: Social representation in the cinema and other media. Bloomington : Indiana University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Nightingale , V. 1984 . Media audiences–media products? . Australian Journal of Cultural Studies , 2 ( 1 ) : 23 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Old Grand-Dad . 1987 . [Advertisement] . Sports Illustrated , October 5 : 99
   Google Scholar
• O'Sullivan , T. , Hartley , J. , Sanders , D. and Fiske , J. 1983 . Key concepts in communication. New York : Methuen. .
   Google Scholar
• Pan Am . 1969 . [Advertisement] . Sports Illustrated , May 5 : 79
   Google Scholar
• Roach , J. and Felix , P. 1988 . “ Black looks. ” . In The female gaze: Women as viewers of popular culture Edited by: Gamman , L. and Marshment , M. 130 – 142 . London : The Women's Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Roman , L. G. and Christian-Smith , L. K. 1988 . “ Introduction. ” . In Becoming feminine: The politics of popular culture Edited by: Roman , L. G. and Christian-Smith , L. K. 1 – 34 . Philadelphia : Falmer. .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenblum , B. 1978 . Photographers at work. New York : Holmes & Meier. .
   Google Scholar
• Steinem , G. 1990 . Sex, lies, & advertising . Ms.: The world of women , 1 ( 1 ) : 18 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Schieffelin & Somerset . 1989 . [Advertisement] . Sports Illustrated , November 13 : 31
   Google Scholar
• Sports Illustrated . 1958 . [Advertisement] . Sports Illustrated , March 31 : 73
   Google Scholar
• Sports Illustrated . 1975 . [Advertisement] . Sports Illustrated , November 24 : 109
   Google Scholar
• Tagg , J. 1988 . The burden of representation: Essays on photographies and histories. Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Theberge , N. 1989 . A feminist analysis of responses to sports violence: Media coverage of the 1987 world junior hockey championship . Sociology of Sport Journal , 6 : 247 – 256 .
   Google Scholar
• Theberge , N. and Cronk , A. 1986 . Work routines in newspaper sport departments and the coverage of women's sports . Sociology of Sport Journal , 3 : 195 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Volvo . 1975 . [Advertisement] . Sports Illustrated , November 10 : 92
   Google Scholar
• Weedon , C. 1987 . Feminist practice and poststructuralist theory. New York : Basil Blackwell. .
   Google Scholar
• Williamson , J. 1985 . Decoding advertisements. New York : Marion Boyars. .
   Google Scholar
• Yardley . 1974 . [Advertisement] . Sports Illustrated , August 5 : 41
   Google Scholar
• Young , K. Writers, rimmers and slotters: Privileging violence in the construction of the sports report. Paper presented at North American Society for the Sociology of Sport . Milwaukee , WI . November .
   Google Scholar