Teaching for Understanding: A Model for Improving Decision Making During Game Play

References

• Almond , L. 1986 . “ Research-based teaching in games ” . In Physical education, sport and schooling: Studies in the sociology of physical education , Edited by: Evans , J. 155 – 165 . London : Palmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. R. 1976 . Language, memory, and thought. , Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , J. R. 1982 . Acquisition of cognitive skill . Psychological Review , 89 : 369 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , W. G. and Barrette , G. T. , eds. 1978 . “ What's going on in gym: Descriptive studies of physical education classes ” . In Motor Skills: Theory Into Practice (Monograph 1)
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , L. and Almond , L. 1983 . “ Creating change: By creating games? ” . In Teaching games for understanding , Edited by: Spademan , L. 56 – 59 . Cheltenham , , England : The College of St. Paul and St. Mary .
   Google Scholar
• Bard , C. and Fleury , M. 1976 . Analysis of visual search activity during sport problem situations . Journal of Human Movement Studies , 3 : 214 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Brackenridge , C. Games: Classification and analysis. Paper presented to Kirklees teachers . Kirklees , Scotland.
   Google Scholar
• Buck , M. M. and Harrison , J. M. 1990 . Improving student achievement in physical education . Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance , 61 ( 9 ) : 40 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Bunker , D. and Thorpe , R. 1982 . A model for the teaching of games in secondary schools . Bulletin of Physical Education , 18 ( 1 ) : 5 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Bunker , D. and Thorpe , R. 1986 . “ Is there a need to reflect on our games teaching? ” . In Rethinking games teaching , Edited by: Thorpe , R. , Bunker , D. and Almond , L. 25 – 33 . Loughborough , , England : Loughborough University of Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Burrows , L. 1986 . “ A teacher's reactions ” . In Rethinking games teaching , Edited by: Thorpe , R. , Bunker , D. and Almond , L. 45 – 51 . Loughborough , , England : Loughborough University of Technology .
   Google Scholar
• Carson , L. and Wiegand , R. L. 1979 . Motor schema formation and retention in young children: A test of Schmidt's schema theory . Journal of Motor Behavior , 11 : 247 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chase , W. G. 1983 . “ Spatial representations of taxi drivers ” . In Acquisition of symbolic skills , Edited by: Rogers , D. R. and Sloboda , J. A. 391 – 405 . New York : Plenum .
   Google Scholar
• Chase , W. G. and Simon , H. A. 1973 . “ The minds eye in chess ” . In Visual information processing. , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cheffers , J. T.F. and Mancini , V. H. 1978 . “ Teacher-student interaction ” . In What's going on in gym: Descriptive studies of physical education classes Edited by: Anderson , W. G. and Barrete , G. T. 39 – 50 . Motor Skills: Theory Into Practice (Monograph 1)
   Google Scholar
• Chi , M. T.H. , Feltovich , P. J. and Glaser , R. 1981 . Categorization and representation of physics problems by experts and novices . Cognitive Science , 5 : 121 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chi , M. T.H. and Glaser , R. 1980 . “ The measurement of expertise: Analysis of the development of knowledge and skill as a basis for assessing achievement ” . In Educational testing and evaluation , Edited by: Baker , E. L. and Quellmely , E. S. 37 – 47 . Beverly Hills , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Chi , M. T.H. , Claser , R. and Farr , M. 1988 . The nature of expertise. , Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Chi , M. T.H. and Rees , E. T. 1983 . “ A learning framework for development ” . In Contributions in human development , Edited by: Chi , M. T.H. Vol. 9 , 71 – 107 . Basel , , Switzerland : Karger .
   Google Scholar
• Chiesi , H. L. , Spilich , G. T. and Voss , J. F. 1979 . Acquisition of domain related information in relation to high and low domain knowledge . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 18 : 257 – 273 .
   Google Scholar
• Davies , D. and Armstrong , M. 1989 . Psychological factors in competitive sport. , London : Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Earls , N. 1983 . “ Research on the immediate effects of instructional variables ” . In Teaching in physical education , Edited by: Templin , T. J. and Olson , J. K. 254 – 264 . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Elstein , A. S. , Shulman , L. S. and Sprafka , S. H. 1978 . Medical problem solving: An analysis of clinical reasoning. , Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Entwistle , H. 1969 . Theoretical and practical learning . British Journal of Educational Studies , 17 : 115 – 121 .
   Google Scholar
• Festinger , L. 1957 . The theory of cognitive dissonance. , Evanston , IL : Row, Peterson .
   Google Scholar
• French , K. E. 1985 . The relation of knowledge development to children's basketball performance. , Louisiana State University . Unpublished doctoral dissertation
   Google Scholar
• French , K. E. and Thomas , J. R. 1987 . The relation of knowledge development to children's basketball performance . Journal of Sport Psychology , 9 : 15 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabbard , C. 1984 . Teaching motor skills to children: Theory into practice . Physical Educator , 41 ( 2 ) : 67 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Gabbard , C. and McBride , R. 1990 . Critical thinking in the psychomotor domain . International Journal for Health, Physical Education, and Recreation , 26 ( 2 ) : 24 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Gentile , A. M. 1972 . A working model of skill acquisition with application of teaching . Quest , 17 : 3 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Good , T. and Brophy , J. 1990 . Educational psychology. , New York : Holt, Rinehart, Winston .
   Google Scholar
• Hellison , D. R. and Templin , T. J. 1991 . A reflective approach to teaching physical education. , Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , S. J. 1983 . “ Clinical diagnosis of a pedagogical skill ” . In Teaching in physical education , Edited by: Templin , T. J. and Olson , J. K. 35 – 45 . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Housner , L. Expert-novice knowledge structure and cognitive processing differences in badminton. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity . Asilomar , CA .
   Google Scholar
• Housner , L. 1991 . “ Teacher cognition ” . In Psycho-social dynamics of teaching physical education , Edited by: Martinek , T. 35 – 58 . Dubuque , IA : Brown and Benchmark .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , C. 1980 . The football association coaching book of soccer tactics and skills. , London : Queen Anne Press .
   Google Scholar
• Joyce , B. and Weil , M. 1986 . Models of teaching. , Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Kelso , J. A.S. and Norman , P. E. 1978 . Motor schema formation in children . Developmental Psychology , 14 : 153 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawton , J. 1989 . Comparison of two teaching methods in games . Bulletin of Physical Education , 25 ( 1 ) : 35 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Magill , R. A. 1993 . Motor learning: Concepts and applications, , 4th ed. , Dubuque , IA : Brown & Benchmark .
   Google Scholar
• McBride , R. E. 1991 . Critical thinking—An overview with implications for physical education . Journal of Teaching in Physical Education , 11 : 112 – 125 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson , S. L. and French , K. E. 1991 . Changes in cognitive strategies and motor skill in tennis . Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology , 13 : 26 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McPherson , S. L. and Thomas , J. R. 1989 . Relation of knowledge and performance in boys' tennis: Age and expertise . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 48 : 190 – 211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzler , M. W. 1990 . Teaching in competitive games—not just playing around . Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance , 61 ( 9 ) : 57 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Mosston , M. and Ashworth , S. 1986 . Teaching physical education, , 3rd ed. , Columbus , OH : Merill .
   Google Scholar
• Moxley , S. E. 1979 . Schema: The variability of practice hypothesis . Journal of Motor Behavior , 11 : 65 – 70 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , S. C. 1992 . The sequence of instruction in games: Implication for developmental appropriateness . The Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance , 63 ( 6 ) : 36 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Pew , R. W. 1974 . “ Human perceptual-motor performance ” . In Human information processing: Tutorials in performance and cognition. , Edited by: Kantowitz , B. H. Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Pew , R. W. 1984 . “ A distributed processing view of human motor control ” . In Cognitive and motor processes , Edited by: Prinz , W. O. and Sanders , A. F. 19 – 27 . Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Requin , J. , Lecas , J. C. and Bonnet , M. 1984 . “ Some experimental evidence for a three-step model of motor preparation ” . In Preparatory states and processes , Edited by: Kornblum , S. and Requin , J. 259 – 284 . Hillsdale , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Rink , J. 1992 . Teaching physical education for learning. , St. Louis : Mosby .
   Google Scholar
• Rink , J. , French , K. and Werner , P. Tactical awareness as the focus for ninth grade badminton. Paper presented at A1ESEP World Congress . Atlanta , GA . January .
   Google Scholar
• Rovegno , I. 1992 . Learning a new curricular approach: Mechanisms of knowledge acquisition in preservice teachers . Teaching and Teacher Education , 8 : 253 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rovegno , I. 1993 . The development of curricular knowledge: A case of problematic pedagogical content knowledge during advanced knowledge acquisition . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 64 ( 1 ) : 56 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabers , D. S. , Cushing , K. S. and Berliner , D. C. 1991 . Differences among teachers in a task characterized by simultaneity, multidimensionality, and immediacy . American Educational Research Journal , 28 : 63 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders , A. F. 1980 . “ Stage analysis of reaction, process ” . In Tutorials in motor behavior , Edited by: Stelniach , G. E. and Requin , J. 334 – 354 . Amsterdam : North-Holland .
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R. A. 1975 . A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning . Psychological Review , 82 : 225 – 260 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt , R. A. 1988 . Motor control and learning: A behavioral emphasis, , 2nd ed. , Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Schwager , S. and Labate , C. 1993 . Teaching for critical thinking in physical education . Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance , 64 ( 5 ) : 24 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Singer , R. N. 1982 . The learning of motor skills. , New York : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Spilich , G. J. , Vesonder , G. T. , Chiesi , H. L. and Voss , J. F. 1979 . Test processing of individuals with high and low domain knowledge . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 18 : 275 – 290 .
   Google Scholar
• Starkes , J. L. 1987 . Skill in field hockey: The nature of the cognitive advantage . Journal of Sport Psychology , 9 : 146 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , J. R. , French , K. E. and Humphries , C. A. 1986 . Knowledge development and sport skill performance: Directions for motor behavior research . Journal of Sport Psychology , 8 : 259 – 272 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas , J. R. , French , K. E. , Thomas , K. T. and Gallagher , J. D. 1988 . “ Children's knowledge development and sport performance ” . In Children in sport , Edited by: Smoll , F. L. , Magill , R. A. and Ash , M. 179 – 202 . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe , R. , Bunker , D. and Almond , L. A change in focus for the teaching of games. Paper presented at the Olympic Scientific Congress . Eugene , OR .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , A. P. A model for working with students with varying knowledge structures. Paper presented at the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, National Conference . Washington , DC . March .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , A. P. and Martinek , T. J. 1992 . A comparative analysis of two models for teaching games (technique approach and game-centered (tactical focus) approach) . International Journal of Physical Education , 29 ( 4 ) : 15 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Vickers , J. N. 1990 . Instructional design for teaching physical activities: A knowledge structures approach. , Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Voss , J. , Green , T. , Post , T. and Penner , B. 1983 . “ Problem solving in the social sciences ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory , Edited by: Bower , G. H. Vol. 17 , 205 – 232 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Werner , P. 1989 . Teaching games: A tactical perspective . Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance , 60 ( 3 ) : 97 – 101 .
   Google Scholar