Habitual Physical Activity and Quality of Life

References

• Bassey , E. J. , Fiatarone , M. , O'Neill , E. F. , Kelly , M. , Evans , W. J. and Lipsitz , L. A. 1992 . Leg extensor power and functional performance in very old men and women . Clinical Science , 82 : 321 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergner , M. , Bobbitt , R. , Carter , W. and Gilson , B. 1981 . The sickness impact profile: Development and final revision of a health status measure . Medical Care , 19 : 787 – 805 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binder , E. F. , Brown , M. , Craft , S. , Schectman , K. B. and Bilge , S. J. 1994 . Effects of a group exercise program on risk factors for falls in frail older adults . Journal of Aging & Physical Activity , 2 : 25 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Blumenthal , J. A. , Emery , C. F. , Madden , D. J. , Schniebolk , S. , Walsh-Riddle , M. , George , L. K. , McKee , D. C. , Higginbotham , M. B. , Cobb , F. R. and Coleman , R. E. 1991 . Long-term effects of exercise on psychological functioning in older men and women . Journal of Gerontology , 46 : P352 – P361 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bokovoy , J. L. and Blair , S. N. 1994 . Aging and exercise: A health perspective . Journal of Aging and Physical Activity , 2 : 243 – 260 .
   Google Scholar
• Brenner , I. K.M. , Shek , P. N. and Shephard , R. J. 1994 . Infection in athletes . Sports Medicine , 17 : 86 – 107 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Medical Journal . 1974 . Smoking and colds . British Medical Journal , iii : 594
   Google Scholar
• Brown , D. R. 1992 . Physical activity, ageing, and psychological well-being: An overview of the research . Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences , 17 : 185 – 193 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Butler , R. N. 1992 . Quality of life: Can it be an endpoint? How can it be measured? . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 55 : 1267S – 1270S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1982 . Canada Health Survey Ottawa , , Canada : Health and Welfare. .
   Google Scholar
• Cunningham , D. , Paterson , D. H. , Himann , J. E. and Rechnitzer , P. A. 1993 . Determinants of independence in the elderly . Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology , 18 : 243 – 254 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deyo , R. and Inui , T. 1984 . Toward clinical application of health status measures: Sensitivity of scales to clinically important changes . Health Services Research , 19 : 275 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupuy , H. J. 1984 . “ The psychological well-being (PGWB) index. ” . In Assessment of quality of life in clinical trials of cardiovascular therapy Edited by: Wenger , N. K. , Mattson , M. E. , Furberg , C. D. and Eliason , J. 170 – 183 . New York : Le Jacq. .
   Google Scholar
• Dustman , R. E. , Ruhling , R. O. , Russell , E. M. , Shearer , D. E. , Bonekat , H. W. , Shigeoka , J. W. , Wood , J. S. and Bradford , D. C. 1984 . Aerobic exercise training and improved neuropsychological function of older individuals . Neurobiology of Aging , 5 : 35 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dustman , R. E. , Emmerson , R. and Shearer , D. 1994 . Physical activity, age and cognitive-neuropsyehological function . Journal of Aging & Physical Activity , 2 : 143 – 181 .
   Google Scholar
• Emery , C. F. and Gatz , M. 1990 . Psychological and cognitive effects of an exercise program for community-residing older adults . The Gerontologist , 30 : 184 – 188 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiatarone , M. A. , Marks , E. C. , Ryan , N. D. , Meredith , C. N. , Lipsitz , L. A. and Evans , W. J. 1990 . High-intensity strength training in nonagenerians . JAMA , 263 : 3029 – 3034 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher , N. M. , Pendergast , D. R. and Calkins , E. 1991 . Muscle rehabilitation in impaired nursing home residents . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 72 : 181 – 185 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick , R. , Ziebland , S. , Jenkinson , C. and Mowat , A. 1991 . The social dimension of health status measures in rheumatoid arthritis . International Disability Studies , 13 : 34 – 37 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fitzpatrick , R. , Fletcher , A. , Gore , S. , Jones , D. , Spiegelhalter , D. and Cox , D. 1992 . Quality of life measures in health care: 1. Applications and issues in assessment . British Medical Journal , 305 : 1074 – 1077 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher , A. , Gore , S. , Jones , D. , Fitzpatrick , R. , Spiegelhalter , D. and Cox , D. 1992 . II. Design, analysis and interpretation . British Medical Journal , 305 : 1145 – 1148 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gobbi , S. and Ansarah , V. W. Functional fitness for aged people . Abstracts, International Congress on Physical Activity, Fitness and Health . Toronto , Canada. May . pp. 119
   Google Scholar
• Guralnik , J. M. , LaCroix , A. Z. , Abbott , R. D. , Berkman , L. F. , Satterfield , S. , Evans , D. A. and Wallace , R. B. 1993 . Maintaining mobility in late life . American Journal of Epidemiology , 137 : 845 – 857 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guyatt , G. H. , Dego , R. A. , Charlson , M. , Levine , M. N. and Mitchell , A. 1989 . Responsiveness and validity in health status measurement: A clarification . Journal of Clinical Epidemiology , 42 : 403 – 408 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Health and Welfare Canada . 1993 . Aging and independence. Overview of a national survey Ottawa , , Canada : Health and Welfare. .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , D. , Bowling , A. , Ellis , M. and Silman , A. 1990 . Locomotor disability in very elderly people: Value of a programme for screening and provision of aids for daily living . British Medical Journal , 301 : 216 – 220 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins , W. E. and Duncan , T. 1991 . Structural equation analysis of an exercise/sleep health practices model on quality of life of elderly persons . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 72 : 831 – 836 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloszy , J. O. , Spina , R. J. and Kohrt , W. M. 1992 . “ Health benefits of exercise in the elderly. ” . In Integration of medical and sports sciences. Edited by: Sato , Y. , Poortmans , J. , Hashimoto , I. and Oshida , Y. Basel , , Switzerland : Karger. .
   Google Scholar
• Hunt , S. , McEwen , J. and McKenna , S. 1986 . Measuring health status. London : Croom Helm. .
   Google Scholar
• Jirovec , M. M. 1991 . The impact of daily exercise on the mobility, balance and urine control of cognitively impaired nursing home residents . International Journal of Nursing Studies , 28 : 145 – 151 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan , R. 1985 . “ Quantification of health outcomes for policy studies in behavioral epidemiology. ” . In Behavioral epidemiology and disease prevention Edited by: Kaplan , R. and Criqui , M. H. 31 – 56 . New York : Plenum Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Karnofsky , D. and Burchenal , J. 1949 . “ The clinical evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents in cancer. ” . In Evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents Edited by: Macleod , C. 191 – 205 . New York : Columbia University Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Kellner , R. and Sheffield , B. F. 1973 . A self-rating scale of distress . Psychological Medicine , 3 : 88 – 100 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsella , K. G. 1992 . Changes in life expectancy . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 55 : 1196S – 1202S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaCroix , A. Z. , Guralnik , J. M. , Berkman , L. F. , Wallace , R. B. and Satterfield , S. 1993 . Maintaining mobility in late life. II. Smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and body mass index . American Journal of Epidemiology , 137 : 858 – 869 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord , S. R. and Castell , S. 1994 . Physical activity program for older persons: Effect on balance, strength, neuromuscular control and reaction time . Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation , 75 : 648 – 652 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupinacci , N. S. , Rikli , R. E. , Jones , J. and Ross , D. 1993 . Age and physical activity effects on reaction time and digit substitution performance in cognitively active adults . Research Quarterly , 64 : 144 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manton , K. G. 1988 . A longitudinal study of functional change and mortality in the United States . Journal of Gerontology , 43 : S153 – S161 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mathews , A. M. 1989 . Contributors to the loss of independence and the promotion of independence among seniors (Report to Seniors Independence Research Programme, Community Health Division, Health and Welfare Canada) Ottawa : Health & Welfare, Canada. .
   Google Scholar
• McCauley , E. , Lox , C. and Duncan , T. E. 1993 . Long-term maintenance of exercise, self-efficacy, and physiological change in older adults . Journal of Gerontology , 48 : P218 – P224 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McNair , D. M. , Lorr , M. and Doppleman , L. F. 1971 . Manual for the profile of mood states. San Diego : San Diego Educational and Industrial Testing Service. .
   Google Scholar
• McNeil , J. K. , LeBlanc , E. M. and Joyner , M. 1991 . The effect of exercise on depressive symptoms in the moderately depressed elderly . Psychology and Aging , 6 : 487 – 488 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McRae , P. G. , Feltner , M. E. and Reinsch , S. 1994 . A 1-year exercise program for older women: Effects on falls, injuries and physical performance . Journal of Aging & Physical Activity , 2 : 127 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Meenan , R. , Gertman , P. , Mason , J. and Dunaif , R. 1982 . The arthritis impact measurement scales: Further investigation of a health status instrument . Arthritis and Rheumatism , 25 : 1048 – 1053 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morey , M. C. , Cowper , P. A. , Feussner , J. R. , DiPasquale , R. C. , Crowley , G. M. , Samsa , G. P. and Sullivan , R. J. 1991 . Two-year trends in physical performance following supervised exercise among community-dwelling older veterans . Journal of the American Geriatric Society , 39 : 986 – 992 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulrow , C. D. , Gerety , M. B. , Kanten , D. , Cornell , J. E. , DeNino , L. A. , Chiodo , L. , Aguilar , C. , O'Neil , M. B. , Rosenberg , J. and Solis , R. M. 1994 . A randomized trial of physical rehabilitation for very frail nursing home residents . Journal of the American Medical Association , 271 : 519 – 524 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieman , D. C. 1995 . “ Exercise and infection. ” . In Current Therapy in Sports Medicine 3. Edited by: Torg , J. and Shephard , R. J. Philadelphia : Mosby/Yearbook. .
   Google Scholar
• Nieman , D. C. , Warren , B. J. , Dotson , R. G. , Butterworth , D. E. and Henson , D. A. 1993 . Physical activity, psychological well-being, and mood state in elderly women . Journal of Aging & Physical Activity , 1 : 22 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• North , T. C. , McCullagh , P. and Tran , Z. V. 1990 . Effect of exercise on depression . Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews , 18 : 379 – 415 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Connor , P. J. , Aenchbacher , L. E. and Dishman , R. K. 1993 . Physical activity and depression in the elderly . Journal of Aging & Physical Activity , 1 : 34 – 58 .
   Google Scholar
• Paffenbarger , R. 1988 . Contributions of epidemiology to exercise science and cardiovascular health . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 20 : 426 – 438 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paffenbarger , R. S. , Hyde , R. T. , Wing , A. L. , Min-Lee , I. and Kampert , J. B. 1994 . “ Some inter-relations of physical activity, physiological fitness, health and longevity. ” . In Physical activity, fitness and health Edited by: Bouchard , C , Shephard , R. J. and Stephens , T. 119 – 133 . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics. .
   Google Scholar
• Patrick , D. and Deyo , R. 1989 . Generic and disease-specific measures in assessing health status and quality of life . Medical Care , 27 : S217 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pekkanen , J. , Marti , B. , Nissinen , A. , Tuomilehto , J. , Punsar , S. and Karvonen , M J. 1987 . Reduction of premature mortality by high physical activity: A 20-year follow-up of middle-aged Finnish men . Lancet , 1 : 1473 – 1477 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner , J. D. , Gorman , K. M. , Gitlin , L. N. , Sands , L. P. , Kleban , M. , Windsor , L. and Shaw , C. 1990 . Effects of exercise training in the elderly on the occurrence and time to onset of cardiovascular diagnoses . Journal of the American Geriatric Society , 38 : 205 – 210 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rikli , R. and Edwards , D. J. 1991 . Effects of a three-year exercise program on motor function and cognitive processing speed in older women . Research Quarterly , 62 : 61 – 67 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robine , J-M. and Ritchie , K. 1991 . Healthy life expectancy: Evaluation of global indicator of change in population health . British Medical Journal , 302 : 457 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roland , M. and Morris , R. 1983 . A study of the natural history of back pain. 1. Development of a reliable and sensitive measure of disability in low back pain . Spine , 8 : 141 – 144 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shephard , R. J. 1982 . Are we asking the right questions? . Journal of Cardiac Rehabilitation , 2 : 21 – 26 .
   Google Scholar
• Shephard , R. J. 1987 . Physical activity and aging, , 2nd ed. London : Croom Helm. .
   Google Scholar
• Shephard , R. J. 1991 . “ Fitness and aging. ” . In Aging into the twenty-first century Edited by: Blais , C. 22 – 35 . Downsview , ON : Captus University Publications. .
   Google Scholar
• Shephard , R. J. 1994 . Aerobic fitness and health. Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics. .
   Google Scholar
• Shephard , R. J. and Montelpare , W. M. 1988 . Geriatric benefits of exercise as an adult . Journal of Gerontology , 43 : M86 – M90 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sipilä , S. , Viitasalo , J. , Era , P. and Suominen , H. 1991 . Muscle strength in male athletes aged 70–81 years . European Journal of Applied Physiology , 63 : 399 – 403 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegelhalter , D. J. , Gore , S. M. , Fitzpatrick , R. , Fletcher , A. E. , Jones , D. R. and Cox , D. R. 1992 . Quality of life measures in health care. III. Resource allocation . British Medical Journal , 305 : 1205 – 1209 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer , W. , Dobson , A. , Hall , J. , Chesterman , E. , Levi , J. Shepherd , R. 1981 . Measuring the quality of life of cancer patients; a concise QL index for use by physicians . Journal of Chronic Diseases , 34 : 585 – 597 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sports Council and the Health Education Authority . 1992 . The Allied Dunbar National Fitness Survey: The Main Findings: Summary Report. London : Author. .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 1985 . General social survey. Ottawa : Statistics Canada. .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 1986 . Health and Activity Limitations Survey. Ottawa : Statistics Canada. .
   Google Scholar
• Strawbridge , W. J. , Kaplan , G. A. , Camacho , T. and Cohen , R. D. 1992 . The dynamics of disability and functional change in an elderly cohort: Results from the Alameda County study . Journal of the American Gerontological Society , 40 : 799 – 806 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topp , R. , Mikesky , A. , Wigglesworth , J. , Holt , W. and Edwards , J. E. 1993 . The effect of a 12-week dynamic resistance strength training program on gait velocity and balance of older adults . The Gerontologist , 33 : 501 – 506 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torrance , G. W. 1987 . Utility approach to measuring health-related quality of life . Journal of Chronic Diseases , 40 : 593 – 600 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wood-Dauphinee , S. and Küchler , T. 1992 . Quality of life as a rehabilitation outcome: Are we missing the boat? . Canadian Journal of Rehabilitation , 6 : 3 – 12 .
   Google Scholar