1,914
Views
42
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
THE FORTY-THIRD AMY MORRIS HOMANS COMMEMORATIVE LECTURE 2009

The Lesbian Stigma in the Sport Context: Implications for Women of Every Sexual Orientation

&
Pages 289-305 | Published online: 14 Feb 2012

References

  • Allport , G. W. 1954 . The nature of prejudice. Cambridge , MA : Addison-Wesley. .
  • Anderson , E. 2002 . Openly gay athletes: Contesting hegemonic masculinity in a homophobic environment . Gender & Society , 16 : 860 – 877 .
  • Anderson , E. 2005 . In the Game: Gay Athletes and the Cult of Masculinity. New York : State University Press of New York Press. .
  • Aronson , J. 2004 . The threat of stereotype . Education Leadership , 62 : 14 – 19 .
  • Avery , A. , Chase , J. , Johansson , L. , Litvak , S. , Montero , D. and Wydra , M. 2007 . America's changing attitudes toward homosexuality, civil unions, and same-gender marriage: 1977–2004 . Social Work , 52 : 71 – 79 .
  • Bacharach , S. B. 1989 . Organizational theories: Some criteria for evaluation . Academy of Management Review , 14 : 496 – 515 .
  • Barber , H. and Krane , V. 2005 . “ The elephant in the locker room: Opening the dialogue about sexual orientation on women's sports teams. ” . In Sport psychology in practice Edited by: Anderson , M. 265 – 285 . Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics. .
  • Barnum , C. and Markvosky , B. 2007 . Group membership and social influence . Current Research in Social Psychology , 13 : 21 – 38 .
  • Beatty , J. E. and Kirby , S. L. 2006 . Beyond the legal environment: How stigma influences invisible identity groups in the workplace . Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal , 18 : 29 – 44 .
  • Becker , H. S. 1963 . Outsiders: Studies in the sociology of deviance. New York : Free Press. .
  • Berger , J. , Cohen , B. P. and Zelditch , M. 1972 . Status characteristics and social interaction . American Sociological Review , 37 : 241 – 255 .
  • Berger , J. , Fisek , M. H. , Norman , R. Z. and Zelditch , M. Jr. 1977 . Status characteristics and social interactions: An expectation states approach. New York : Elsevier Science. .
  • Blinde , E. M. and Taub , D. E. 1992 . Women athletes as falsely accused deviants: Managing the lesbian stigma . The Sociological Quarterly , 33 : 521 – 533 .
  • Bosson , J. K. , Prewitt-Freilino , J. L. and Taylor , J. N. 2005 . Role rigidity: A problem of identity misclassification? . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 89 : 552 – 565 .
  • Bosson , J. K. , Taylor , J. N. and Prewitt-Freilino , J. L. 2006 . Gender role violations and identity misclassification: The roles of audience and actor variables . Sex Roles , 55 : 13 – 24 .
  • Branscombe , N. R. , Ellemers , N. , Spears , R. and Doosje , B. 1999 . “ The context and content of social identity threat. ” . In Social identity: Context, commitment, content Edited by: Ellemers , N. , Spears , R. and Doosje , B. 35 – 58 . Oxford , , UK : Blackwell. .
  • Brewer , M. B. 1991 . The social self: On being the same and different at the same time . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 17 : 475 – 482 .
  • Brooks , V. R. 1981 . Minority stress and lesbian women. Lexington, MA. D. C. : Heath. .
  • Brown , R. P. and Pinel , E. C. 2003 . Stigma on my mind: Individual differences in the experience of stereotype threat . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 39 : 626 – 633 .
  • Brownsworth , V. A. 1991 . Bigotry on the home team, lesbians face harsh penalties in the sports world . Advocate , 578 : 34 – 39 .
  • Connell , R. W. 1995 . Masculinities. Berkeley , CA : University of California Press. .
  • Crocker , J. and Major , B. 1989 . Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma . Psychological Review , 96 : 608 – 630 .
  • Crocker , J. , Major , B. and Steele , C. 1998 . “ Social stigma. ” . In The handbook of social psychology Edited by: Gilbert , D. T. and Fiske , S. T. 504 – 553 . Boston , MA : McGraw-Hill. .
  • Cunningham , G. B. 2008 . Creating and sustaining gender diversity in sport organizations . Sex Roles , 58 : 136 – 145 .
  • Cunningham , G. B. and Fink , J. S. 2006 . Diversity issues in sport and leisure . Journal of Sport Management , 20 : 455 – 465 .
  • Davies , P. G. , Spencer , S. J. and Steele , C. M. 2005 . Clearing the air: Identity safety moderates the effects of stereotype threat on women's leadership aspirations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 88 : 276 – 287 .
  • Devine , P. G. 1989 . Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 56 : 5 – 18 .
  • Eagly , A. H. and Mladinic , A. 1989 . Gender stereotypes and attitudes toward women and men . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 15 : 543 – 558 .
  • Fink , J. S. , Pastore , D. L. and Riemer , H. A. 2001 . Do differences make a difference? Managing diversity in Division IA intercollegiate athletics . Journal of Sport Management , 15 : 10 – 50 .
  • Gaertner , S. L. and Dividio , J. F. 2000 . Reducing Intergroup Bias: The Common Ingroup Identity Model. Philadelphia , PA : Psychology Press, Inc. .
  • Goffman , E. 1963 . Stigma. Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice-Hall. .
  • Griffn , P. 1991 . Identity management strategies among lesbian and gay educators . International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education , 4 : 189 – 202 .
  • Griffn , P. 1998 . Strong women, deep closets. Champaign , IL : Human Kinetics. .
  • Hargreaves , J. A. 1993 . Sporting females: Critical issues in the history and sociology of women's sports. New York : Routledge. .
  • Herek , G. M. 1991 . “ Stigma, prejudice, and violence against lesbians and gay men. ” . In Homosexuality: Research for public policy Edited by: Gonsiorek , J. C. and Weinrich , J. D. 60 – 80 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage. .
  • Herek , G. M. 1992 . “ The social context of hate crimes: Notes on cultural heterosexism. ” . In Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men Edited by: Herek , G. M. and Berrill , K. T. 89 – 104 . Newbury Park , CA : Sage. .
  • Herek , G. M. 2000 . The psychology of sexual prejudice . Current Directions in Psychological Science , 9 : 19 – 22 .
  • Herek , G. M. 2007 . Confronting sexual stigma and prejudice: Theory and practice . The Journal of Social Issues , 63 : 905 – 925 .
  • Jackson , S. 2006 . Gender, sexuality, and heterosexuality: The complexity (and limits) of heteronormativity . Feminist Theory , 7 : 105 – 121 .
  • Johnson , C. 1995 . “ Sexual orientation as a diffuse status characteristic: Implications for small group interaction. ” . In Advances in group processes Edited by: Markovsky , B. , Heimer , K. and O'Brien , J. 115 – 137 . United States : Elsevier Science/JAI Press. .
  • Kauer , K. J. and Krane , V. 2006 . “Scary dykes” and “Feminine queens”: Stereotypes and female collegiate athletics . Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal , 15 : 42 – 55 .
  • Knight , J. L. and Guiliano , T. A. 2003 . Blood, sweat, and jeers: The impact of the media's heterosexist portrayals on perceptions of male and female athletes . Journal of Sport Behavior , 26 : 272 – 284 .
  • Knoppers , A. 1992 . Explaining male dominance and sex segregation in coaching: Three approaches . Quest , 44 : 210 – 227 .
  • Knoppers , A. and Anthonissen , A. 2008 . Gendered managerial discourses in sport organizations: Multiplicity and complexity . Sex Roles , 58 : 93 – 103 .
  • Koivula , N. 2001 . Perceived characteristics of sports categorized as gender-neutral, feminine, and masculine . Journal of Sport Behavior , 24 : 377 – 393 .
  • Kolnes , L. J. 1995 . Heterosexuality as an organizing principle in women's sport . International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 30 : 61 – 77 .
  • Krane , V. 1997 . Homonegativism experienced by lesbian collegiate athletes . Women in Sport & Physical Activity Journal , 6 : 141 – 164 .
  • Krane , V. 2001 . We can be athletic and feminine, but do we want to? Challenging hegemonic femininity in sport . Quest , 53 : 115 – 133 .
  • Krane , V. and Barber , H. 2003 . Lesbian experience in sport: A social identity perspective . Quest , 55 : 328 – 346 .
  • Krane , V. and Barber , H. 2005 . Identity tensions in lesbian intercollegiate coaches . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 76 : 67 – 81 .
  • Krane , V. , Choi , P. Y.L. , Baird , S. M. , Aimar , C. M. and Kauer , K. J. 2004 . Living the paradox: Female athletes manage femininity and muscularity . Sex Roles , 50 : 315 – 329 .
  • Krane , V. , Surface , H. and Alexander , L. 2005 . “ Health implications of heterosexism and homonegativism for girls and women in sport. ” . In Ensuring the health of active and athletic girls and women Edited by: Randall , L. and Petlichkoff , L. 327 – 346 . Reston , Va : National Association for Girls and Women in Sport. .
  • Lenskyj , H. 1987 . Female sexuality and women's sport . Women's Studies International Forum , 10 : 381 – 386 .
  • Lenskyj , H. 1990 . Power and play: Gender and sexuality issues in sport and physical activity . International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 25 : 235 – 245 .
  • Lenskyj , H. 1991 . Combating homophobia in sport and physical education . Sociology of Sport Journal , 8 : 61 – 69 .
  • Link , B. G. and Phelan , J. C. 2001 . Conceptualizing stigma . Annual Review of Sociology , 27 : 363 – 385 .
  • Major , B. , Gramzow , R. H. , McCoy , S. K. , Levin , S. , Schmader , T. and Sidanius , J. 2002 . Perceiving personal discrimination: The role of group status and legitimizing ideology . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 82 : 269 – 282 .
  • Major , B. and O'Brien , L. T. 2005 . The social psychology of stigma . Annual Review of Psychology , 56 : 393 – 421 .
  • Major , B. , Spencer , S. , Schmader , T. , Wolfe , C. and Crocker , J. 1998 . Coping with negative stereotypes about intellectual performance: The role of psychological disengagement . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 24 : 34 – 50 .
  • Messner , M. A. 1988 . Sports and male domination: The female athlete as contested ideological terrain . Sociology of Sport Journal , 5 : 197 – 211 .
  • Messner , M. A. 2002 . Taking to the feld: Women, men, and sports. Minneapolis , MN : Regents. .
  • Messner , M. A. and Solomon , N. M. 2007 . Social justice and men's interests: The case of Title IX . Journal of Sport and Social Issues , 31 : 162 – 178 .
  • Meyer , I. H. 1995 . Minority stress and mental health in gay men . Journal of Health and Social Behavior , 36 : 38 – 56 .
  • Meyer , I. H. 2003 . Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence . Psychological Bulletin , 129 : 674 – 697 .
  • Meyer , I. H. , Schwartz , S. and Frost , D. M. 2008 . Social patterning of stress and coping:Does disadvantaged social statuses confer more stress and fewer coping resources? . Social Science & Medicine , 68 : 367 – 379 .
  • Miller , C. T. and Major , B. 2000 . “ Coping with stigma and prejudice. ” . In The social psychology of stigma Edited by: Heatherton , T. F. , Kleck , R. E. , Hebl , M. R. and Hull , J. G. 243 – 272 . New York : Guilford Press. .
  • Oldmeadow , J. A. , Platow , M. J. , Foddy , M. and Anderson , D. 2003 . Self-categorization, status, and social infuence . Social Psychology Quarterly , 66 : 138 – 152 .
  • Pinel , E. C. 1999 . Stigma consciousness: The psychological legacy of social stereotypes . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 76 : 114 – 128 .
  • Ragins , B. R. 2008 . Disclosure disconnects: Antecedents and consequences of disclosing invisible stigmas across life domains . Academy of Management Review , 33 : 194 – 215 .
  • Renfrow , D. G. 2006 . Sexuality as social status (Doctoral dissertation, University of Washington, 2006) . Dissertation Abstracts International , 66 ( 12-A ) : 4535 – 4776 . (UMI No. 3198842)
  • Rich , A. 1980 . Compulsory heterosexuality and lesbian existence . Signs: A Journal of Women in Culture and Society , 5 : 631 – 660 .
  • Ridgeway , C. L. and Smith-Lovin , L. 1999 . The gender system and interaction . Annual Review of Sociology , 25 : 191 – 216 .
  • Riemer , B. A. and Visio , M. E. 2003 . Gender typing of sports: An investigation of Metheny's classification . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 74 : 193 – 204 .
  • Ross , S. R. and Shinew , K. J. 2008 . Perspectives of women college athletes on sport and gender . Sex Roles , 58 : 40 – 57 .
  • Rubin , M. and Hewstone , M. 1998 . Social identity theory's hypothesis: A review and some suggestions for clarifcations . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 2 : 40 – 62 .
  • Schmalz , D. L. and Kerstetter , D. L. 2006 . Girlie girls and manly men: Children's stigma consciousness of gender in sports and physical activities . Journal of Leisure Research , 38 : 537 – 557 .
  • Shakib , S. 2003 . Female basketball participation . American Behavioral Scientist , 46 : 1405 – 1422 .
  • Shaw , S. and Frisby , W. 2006 . Can gender equity be more equitable?: Promoting an alternative frame for sport management research, education, and practice . Journal of Sport Management , 20 : 483 – 509 .
  • Shaw , S. and Hoeber , L. 2003 . “A strong man is direct and a direct woman is a bitch”: Gendered discourses and their influence on employment roles in sport organizations . Journal of Sport Management , 17 : 347 – 375 .
  • Spencer , S. J. , Steele , C. M. and Quinn , D. M. 1999 . Stereotype threat and women's math performance . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 35 : 4 – 28 .
  • Steele , C. M. and Aronson , J. 1995 . Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 69 : 797 – 811 .
  • Steele , C. M. , Spencer , S. J. and Aronson , J. 2002 . Contending with group image: The psychology of stereotype threat and social identity threat . Advances in Experimental Social Psychology , 34 : 379 – 440 .
  • Tajfel , H. and Turner , J. C. 1979 . “ An integrative theory of intergroup confict. ” . In The social psychology of intergroup relations Edited by: Austin , W. G. and Worchel , S. 33 – 47 . Monterey , CA : Brooks/Cole. .
  • Tsui , A. S. and Gutek , B. A. 1999 . Demographic differences in organizations: Current research and future directions. New York : Lexington Books. .
  • Turner , J. C. , Hogg , M. A. , Oakes , P. J. , Reicher , S. D. and Wetherell , M. S. 1987 . Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Oxford , , United Kingdom : Blackwell. .
  • Veri , M. J. 1999 . Homophobic discourse surrounding the female athlete . Quest , 51 : 355 – 368 .
  • Waldo , C. R. 1999 . Working in a majority context: A structural model of heterosexism as minority stress in the workplace . Journal of Counseling Psychology , 46 : 218 – 232 .
  • Williams , J. M. 2001 . “ Psychology of injury risk and prevention. ” . In Handbook of sport psychology Edited by: Singer , R. , Hausenblas , H. and Janelle , C. 766 – 786 . New York : John Wiley. .
  • Woods , S. E. and Harbeck , K. M. 1992 . Living in two worlds: The identity management strategies used by lesbian physical educators . Journal of Homosexuality , 22 : 141 – 166 .
  • Wright , J. and Clarke , G. 1999 . Sport, the media and the construction of compulsory het-erosexuality . International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 34 : 227 – 243 .
  • Yang , A. 1997 . Trends: Attitudes toward homosexuality . Public Opinion Quarterly , 61 : 477 – 507 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.