References
- Aquino, K., & Kay, A. (2018). A social cognitive model of moral identity. In K. Gray, J. Graham, K. Gray, & J. Graham (Eds.), Atlas of moral psychology (pp. 133–140). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
- Aquino, K., Reed, A. I., Thau, S., & Freeman, D. (2007). A grotesque and dark beauty: How moral identity and mechanisms of moral disengagement influence cognitive and emotional reactions to war. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 385–392. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.05.013
- Bandura, A. (2016). Moral disengagement: How people do harm and live with themselves. New York, NY: Worth Publishers.
- Baumeister, R. F., & Tierney, J. (2011). Willpower: Rediscovering the greatest human strength. New York, NY: Penguin Press.
- Bell, L. A. (2007). Theoretical foundations for social justice education. In M. Adams, L. A. Bell, & P. Griffin (Eds.), Teaching for diversity and social justice (2nd ed., pp. 1–14). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Berger, R. (2003). An ethic of excellence: Building a culture of craftsmanship with students. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
- Berkowitz, M. W., Althof, W., & Jones, S. (2008). Educating for civic character. In J. Arthur, I. Davies, & C. Hahn (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of education for citizenship and democracy (pp. 399–409). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
- Berkowitz, M. W., & Puka, B. (2009). Dissent and character education. In M. Gordon (Ed.), Reclaiming dissent: Civics education for the 21st century (pp. 107–130). Rotterdam, The Netherlands: Sense Publications.
- Blasi, A. (2004). Moral functioning: Moral understanding and personality. In D. K. Lapsley & D. Narvaez (Eds.), Moral development, self, and identity (pp. 334–347). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Blasi, A. (2005). Moral character: A psychological approach. In D. K. Lapsley & F. C. Power (Eds.), Character psychology and character education (pp. 67–100). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
- Bloom, P. (2004). Descartes’ baby. New York, NY: Basic Books.
- Boff, C. (1987). Theology and praxis: Epistemological foundations. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis.
- Burton, L. J. (2015). Underrepresentation of women in sport leadership: A review of research. Sport Management Review, 18(2), 155–165. doi:10.1016/j.smr.2014.02.004
- Denham, B. E. (2009). Youth sport participation and attitudes toward societal competition, concern for material items, and consequences of manipulative advertising. Youth & Society, 41, 124–147. doi:10.1177/0044118X08327517
- Dewey, J. (1916/2012). Democracy and education. Hollywood, FL: Simon & Brown.
- Freire, P. (1973). Education for critical consciousness. New York, NY: Seabury Press.
- Harding, S. (1993). Rethinking standpoint epistemology: What is strong objectivity? In I. L. Alcoff & E. Potter (Eds.), Feminist epistemologies (pp. 49–82). New York, NY: Routledge.
- Hardy, S. A., Bhattacharjee, A., Reed, A. I., & Aquino, K. (2010). Moral identity and psychological distance: The case of adolescent parental socialization. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 111–123. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.04.008
- Hardy, S. A., & Carlo, G. (2011). Moral identity: What is it, how does it develop, and is it linked to moral action? Child Development Perspectives, 5, 212–218. doi:10.1111/cdep.2011.5.issue-3
- Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Jubilee Centre for Character and Virtues. (2013). A framework for character education in schools. Birmingham: University of Birmingham.
- Kavussanu, M. (2008). Moral behaviour in sport: A critical review of the literature. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(2), 124–138. doi:10.1080/17509840802277417
- Kohlberg, L. (1981). Essays on moral development: Vol. 1: The philosophy of moral development. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row.
- Kohlberg, L. (1984). Essays on moral development: Vol. 2: The psychology of moral development. San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row.
- Kohn, A. (1992). No contest: The case against competition. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
- LaVoi, N. M., & Power, F. C. (2006). Pathways to fostering civic engagement in collegiate female athletes: An exploratory study. Journal of College & Character, 7(3), 1–12. doi:10.2202/1940-1639.1525
- Mills, C. S. (1997). The racial contract. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Mulnix, J. W. (2012). Thinking critically about critical thinking. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 44, 464–479. doi:10.1111/j.1469-5812.2010.00673.x
- Noguera, P. A. (2003). Schools, prisons, and social implications of punishment: Rethinking disciplinary practices. Theory into Practice, 42, 341–350. doi:10.1207/s15430421tip4204_12
- Oakes, J., Quarts, K. H., Ryan, S., & Lipton, M. (2005). Struggling for civic virtue through school reform. In D. K. Lapsley & F. C. Power (Eds.), Character psychology and character education (pp. 286–304). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
- Piaget, J. (1932/1965). Moral judgment of the child. New York, NY: Free Press.
- Power, F. C., Higgins, A., & Kohlberg, L. (1989). Lawrence Kohlberg’s approach to moral education. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
- Reed, A. I., & Aquino, K. F. (2003). Moral identity and the expanding circle of moral regard toward out-groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 1270–1286. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.6.1270
- Rest, J. R., Narvaez, D., Bebeau, M. J., & Thoma, S. J. (1999). Postconventional moral thinking: A neo-Kohlbergian approach. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- Ritchhart, R. (2002). Intellectual character. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
- Rosenau, P. V. (2003). The competition paradigm. Lanham, MD: Roman & Littlefield.
- Sartore-Baldwin, M. L., McCullough, B., & Quatman-Yates, C. (2017). Shared responsibility and issues of injustice and harm within sport. Quest, 69(3), 366–383. doi:10.1080/00336297.2016.1238769
- Sawaoka, T., Newheiser, A., & Dovidio, J. F. (2014). Group-based biases in moral judgment: The role of shifting moral standards. Social Cognition, 32(4), 360–380. doi:10.1521/soco.2014.32.4.360
- Shields, D., & Bredemeier, B. (1995). Character development and physical activity. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
- Shields, D., & Bredemeier, B. (1996). Sport, militarism, and peace. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 2, 369–383. doi:10.1207/s15327949pac0204_7
- Shields, D., & Bredemeier, B. (2009). True competition: A guide for pursuing excellence in sport and society. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
- Shields, D., & Bredemeier, B. (2011a). Coaching for civic character. Journal of Research in Character Education, 9(1), 25–33.
- Shields, D., & Bredemeier, B. (2011b). Contest, competition, and metaphor. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 38, 27–38. doi:10.1080/00948705.2011.9714547
- Shields, D. L. (2011). Character as the aim of education. Phi Delta Kappan, 92(8), 48–53. doi:10.1177/003172171109200810
- Shields, D. L. (2013). A more productive way to think about opponents. Harvard Business Review: Blog Network. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2013/02/a-more-productive-way-to-think-about-opponents
- Shields, D. L., Funk, C. D., & Bredemeier, B. L. (2015a). Predictors of moral disengagement in sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37, 646–658. doi:10.1123/jsep.2015-0110
- Shields, D. L., Funk, C. D., & Bredemeier, B. L. (2015b). Contesting orientations: Measure construction and the prediction of sportspersonship. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 20, 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.03.008
- Shields, D. L., Funk, C. D., & Bredemeier, B. L. (2016a). The moral frameworks and foundations of contesting orientations. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38, 117–127. doi:10.1123/jsep.2015-0139
- Shields, D. L., Funk, C. D., & Bredemeier, B. L. (2016b). Testing contesting theory: Conceptual metaphors and prosocial behavior. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 27, 213–221. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.09.001
- Shields, D. L., Funk, C. D., & Bredemeier, B. L. (2018a). Can contesting orientations predict grittier, more self-controlled athletes? Journal of Positive Psychology, 13(5), 440–448.
- Shields, D. L., Funk, C. D., & Bredemeier, B. L. (2018b). Relationships among moral and contesting variables and prosocial and antisocial behavior in sport. Journal of Moral Education, 47(1), 17–33. doi:10.1080/03057240.2017.1350149
- Theokas, C. (2009). Youth sport participation - A view of the issues: Introduction to the special section. Developmental Psychology, 45, 303–306. doi:10.1037/a0015042
- Tuana, N. (2006). The speculum of ignorance: The women’s health movement and epistemologies of ignorance. Hypatia, 21(3), 1–19. doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2006.tb01110.x
- U.S. Department of Education. (2017). Character education… our shared responsibility. Retrieved from https://www2.ed.gov/admins/lead/character/brochure.html