Innovation and cooperation in the small firm sector: Evidence from ‘Northern Britain’

References

• Andersen , E. S. 1995 . “ Approaching national systems of innovation ” . In National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning , Edited by: Lundvall , B. 68 – 92 . London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Angel , D. 2002 . “ Inter-firm collaboration and technological development partnerships within US manufacturing industries ” . In Regional Studies Vol. 36 , 333 – 344 .
   Google Scholar
• Appold , S. 1995 . “ Agglomeration, interorganizational networks, and competitive performance in the US metal working sector ” . In Economic Geography Vol. 71 , 27 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Archibugi , D. , Howells , J. and Michie , J. 1999 . “ Innovation systems and policy in a global economy ” . In Innovation Policy in a Global Economy , Edited by: Archibugi , D. , Howells , J. and Michie , J. 1 – 18 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Arndt , O. and Sternberg , R. 2000 . “ Do manufacturing firms profit from intraregional innovation linkages? An empirical based answer ” . In European Planning Studies Vol. 8 , 465 – 485 .
   Google Scholar
• Arrow , K. 1971 . “ Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention ” . In Essays in the Theory of Risk-Bearing Edited by: Arrow , K. 144 – 163 . Markham, Chicago, IL
   Google Scholar
• Audretsch , D. 1995 . “ Innovation, growth and survival ” . In International Journal of Industrial Organisation Vol. 13 , 441 – 457 .
   Google Scholar
• Becattini , G. 1978 . “ The development of light industry in Tuscany ” . In Economic Notes Vol. 2–3 , 53 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Becattini , G. 1990 . “ The Marshallian industrial district as a socio-economic notion ” . In Industrial Districts and Inter-Firm Co-operation in Italy , Edited by: Pyke , F. , Becattini , G. and Sengenberger , W. 37 – 51 . Geneva : International Institute for Labour Studies .
   Google Scholar
• Bianchi , G. 1990 . “ Innovating in the local system of small-medium sized enterprises ” . In Entrepreneurship and Regional Development Vol. 2 , 57 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Bougrain , F. and Haudeville , B. 2002 . “ Innovation, collaboration and SMEs internal research capacities ” . In Research Policy Vol. 31 , 735 – 748 .
   Google Scholar
• Brusco , S. 1982 . “ The Emilian model: productive decentralisation and social integration ” . In Cambridge Journal of Economics Vol. 6 , 63 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Bullock , A. and Hughes , A. 2000 . “ The survey method, the SME panel database and sample attrition ” . In British Enterprise in Transition , Edited by: Cosh , A. and Hughes , A. Cambridge : ESCR Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge .
   Google Scholar
• Camagni , R. and Rabellotti , R. 1992 . “ Technology and organisation in the Italian textile-clothing industry ” . In Entrepreneurship and Regional Development Vol. 4 , 271 – 285 .
   Google Scholar
• CBR . 1996 . The Changing State of British Enterprise , Cambridge : ESCR Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge .
   Google Scholar
• CBR . 1998 . Enterprise Britain , Cambridge : ESCR Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge .
   Google Scholar
• CBR . 2000 . British Enterprise in Transition , Cambridge : ESCR Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge .
   Google Scholar
• Chandler , A. D. 1990 . Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Coase , R. 1937 . “ The nature of the firm ” . In Economica Vol. 4 , 386 – 405 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , W. and Levinthal , D. 1989 . “ Innovation and Learning: the two faces of R&D ” . In Economic Journal Vol. 99 , 569 – 596 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , W. and Levinthal , D. 1990 . “ Absorptive capacity: a new perspective on learning and innovation ” . In Administrative Science Quarterly Vol. 35 , 128 – 152 .
   Google Scholar
• Cosh , A. , Hughes , A. and Wood , E. 1998 . Innovation Surveys and Very Small Enterprises , Cambridge : Centre for Business Research, University of Cambridge . WP89
   Google Scholar
• Covin , J. G. , Slevin , D. P. and Heelewy , M. B. 1999 . “ Pioneers and followers: competitive tactics, environment and firm growth ” . In Journal of Business Venturing Vol. 15 , 175 – 210 .
   Google Scholar
• De Propris , L. 2000 . “ Innovation and inter-firm co-operation: the case of the West Midlands ” . In Economics of Innovation and New Technology Vol. 9 , 421 – 446 .
   Google Scholar
• Demsetz , H. 1991 . “ The theory of the firm revisited ” . In The Nature of the Firm , Edited by: Williamson , O. and Winter , S. 159 – 178 . New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Trade and Industry . 1998 . Our Competitive Future: Building the Knowledge Economy , London : HMSO . Competitiveness White Paper, Cm 4176
   Google Scholar
• Dosi , G. 1988 . “ Sources, procedures and microeconomic effects of innovation ” . In Journal of Economic Literature Vol. 26 , 1120 – 1171 .
   Google Scholar
• Edquist , C. 1997 . Systems of Innovation: Technologies, Institutions and Organizations , Edited by: Edquist , C. London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Eisenhardt , K. and Schoonhaven , C. 1996 . “ Resource-based view of strategic alliance formation: strategic and social effects in entrepreneurial firms ” . In Organization Science Vol. 7 , 136 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Eliasson , G. 1996a . “ The pharmaceutical and biotechnological competence bloc. Occasional Paper of the Royal Institute of Technology ” . Stockholm : Department of Industrial Economics and Management .
   Google Scholar
• Eliasson , G. 1996b . “ Spillover, integrated production and the theory of the firm ” . In Journal of Evolutionary Economics Vol. 6 , 125 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Etzkowitz , H. and Leydesdorff , L. 2000 . “ The dynamics of innovation: from national systems and ‘Mode 2’ to a triple helix of university–industry–government relations ” . In Research Policy Vol. 29 , 109 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Feldman , M. 1994 . “ Knowledge complementarity and innovation ” . In Small Business Economics Vol. 6 , 363 – 372 .
   Google Scholar
• Freel , M. 2000 . “ External linkages and product innovation in small manufacturing firms ” . In Entrepreneurship and Regional Development Vol. 12 , 245 – 266 .
   Google Scholar
• Freel , M. 2002 . “ On regional innovation systems: illustrations from the West Midlands ” . In Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy Vol. 20 , 633 – 654 .
   Google Scholar
• Freel , M. 2003 . “ Sectoral patterns of small firm innovation, networking and proximity ” . In Research Policy Vol. 32 , 751 – 770 .
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , C. 1987 . Technology Policy and Economic Performance: Lessons from Japan , London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Freeman , C. 1991 . “ Network of innovators. A synthesis of research issues ” . In Research Policy Vol. 20 , 499 – 514 .
   Google Scholar
• Fujita , M. , Krugman , P. and Venables , A. J. 1999 . The Spatial Economy , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gardiner , P. and Rothwell , R. 1985 . “ Tough customers: good designs ” . In Design Studies Vol. 6 , 1
   Google Scholar
• Gelsing , L. 1995 . “ Innovation and the development of industrial networks ” . In National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning , Edited by: Lundvall , B. 116 – 128 . London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Geroski , P. 1990 . “ Innovation, technological opportunity, and market structure ” . In Oxford Economic Papers Vol. 42 , 586 – 602 .
   Google Scholar
• Håkansson , H. 1987 . “ Product development in networks ” . In Industrial Technological Development: A Network Approach , Edited by: Håkansson , H. 84 – 127 . London : Croom Helm .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffman , K. , Milady , P. , Bessant , J. and Perren , L. 1998 . “ Small firms, R&D, technology and innovation in the UK: a literature review ” . In Technovation Vol. 18 , 39 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Huggins , R. 2001 . “ Inter-firm network policies and firm performance: evaluating the impact of initiatives in the United Kingdom ” . In Research Policy Vol. 30 , 443 – 458 .
   Google Scholar
• Kaufmann , A. and Todtling , F. 2000 . “ Systems of innovation in traditional industrial regions: the case of Styria in a comparative perspective ” . In Regional Studies Vol. 34 , 29 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Kirat , T. and Lung , Y. 1999 . “ Innovation and proximity: territories as loci of collective learning ” . In European Urban and Regional Studies Vol. 6 , 27 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Krugman , P. 1991 . Geography and Trade , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Love , J. 1999 . Patterns of Networking in the Innovation Process: A Comparative Study of the UK, Germany and Ireland , Birmingham : Aston Business School, Aston University . RP9913
   Google Scholar
• Love , J. and Roper , S. 1999 . “ The determinants of innovation: R&D, technology transfer and networking effects ” . In Review of Industrial Organisation Vol. 15 , 43 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Love , J. and Roper , S. 2001 . “ Location and network effects on innovation success: evidence for UK, German and Irish manufacturing plants ” . In Research Policy Vol. 30 , 643 – 662 .
   Google Scholar
• Lundvall , B. 1995 . National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning , London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• MacPherson , A. 1997 . “ The contribution of external service inputs to the product development efforts of small manufacturing firms ” . In R&D Management Vol. 27 , 127 – 145 .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , S. and Scott , J. 2000 . “ The nature of innovation market failure and the design of public support for private innovation ” . In Research Policy Vol. 29 , 437 – 448 .
   Google Scholar
• Maskell , P. and Malmberg , A. 1999 . “ The competitiveness of firms and regions ” . In European Urban and Regional Studies Vol. 6 , 9 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , R. 1993 . National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis , Edited by: Nelson , R. New York, NY : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nelson , R. 2000 . “ National innovation systems ” . In Regional Innovation, Knowledge and Global Change , Edited by: Acs , Z. 11 – 26 . London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Nooteboom , B. 1999a . “ Innovation, learning and industrial organisation ” . In Cambridge Journal of Economics Vol. 23 , 127 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Nooteboom , B. 1999b . “ Innovation and inter-firm linkages: new implications for policy ” . In Research Policy Vol. 28 , 793 – 805 .
   Google Scholar
• Oerlemans , L. , Buys , A. and Pretorius , M. 2001 . Research Design for the South African Innovation Survey 2001 , Eindhoven : Technical University of Eindhoven . ECIS WP 01.02
   Google Scholar
• Oerlemans , L. , Meeus , M. and Boekema , F. 1998 . “ Do networks matter for innovation? The usefulness of the economic network approach in analysing innovation ” . In Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie Vol. 89 , 298 – 309 .
   Google Scholar
• Oughton , C. 1997 . “ Competitiveness policy in the 1990s ” . In Economic Journal Vol. 107 , 1486 – 1503 .
   Google Scholar
• Oughton , C. and Whittam , G. 1997 . “ Competition and co-operation in the small firm sector ” . In Scottish Journal of Political Economy Vol. 44 , 1 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Patel , P. and Pavitt , K. 1998 . Nation Systems of Innovation Under Strain: The Internationalisation of Corporate R&D , Falmer : University of Sussex . EWP No. 22. SPRU
   Google Scholar
• Piore , M. and Sabel , C. 1984 . The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity , New York, NY : Basic .
   Google Scholar
• Richardson , G. 1972 . “ The organisation of industry ” . In Economic Journal Vol. 82 , 883 – 896 .
   Google Scholar
• Robertson , P. and Langlois , R. 1995 . “ Innovation, networks and vertical integration ” . In Research Policy Vol. 24 , 543 – 562 .
   Google Scholar
• Roper , S. 1997 . “ Product innovation and small business growth: a comparison of the strategies of German, UK and Irish companies ” . In Small Business Economics Vol. 9 , 523 – 537 .
   Google Scholar
• Roper , S. 2001 . “ Innovation, networks and plant location: some evidence from Ireland ” . In Regional Studies Vol. 35 , 215 – 228 .
   Google Scholar
• Roper , S. J. , Love , S. , Dunlop , B. , Ashcroft , H. , Hofmann , K. and Vogler-Ludwig , K. 1996 . Product Innovation and Development in UK, German and Irish Manufacturing , Belfast : Northern Ireland Economic Research Centre, Queens University .
   Google Scholar
• Rothwell , R. 1987 . “ Small firms, innovation and industrial change ” . In Small Business Economics Vol. 1 , 51 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Rothwell , R. 1991 . “ External networking and innovation in small and medium-sized manufacturing firms ” . In Technovation Vol. 11 , 93 – 112 .
   Google Scholar
• Sako , M. 1994 . “ Supplier relations and innovation ” . In The Handbook of Industrial Innovation , Edited by: Dodgson , M. and Rothwell , R. 268 – 274 . Cheltenham : Edward Elgar .
   Google Scholar
• SBRC . 1992 . The State of British Enterprise , Cambridge : Department of Applied Economics, University of Cambridge .
   Google Scholar
• Schumpeter , J. 1950 . Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, , 3rd Edn , New York, NY : Harper & Row .
   Google Scholar
• Shaw , B. 1991 . “ Developing technological innovations within networks ” . In Entrepreneurship and Regional Development Vol. 3 , 111 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Simmie , J. , Sennett , J. , Wood , P. and Hart , D. 2002 . “ Innovation in Europe: a tale of networks, knowledge and trade in five cities ” . In Regional Studies Vol. 36 , 47 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Tabachnik , B. and Fidell , L. 2001 . Using Multivariate Statistics, , 4th Edn , Needham Heights, MA : Pearson .
   Google Scholar
• Teece , D. 1996 . “ Firm organization, industrial structure and technological innovation ” . In Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization Vol. 31 , 193 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Tether , B. 2002 . “ Who cooperates for innovation, and why? An empirical analysis ” . In Research Policy Vol. 31 , 947 – 968 .
   Google Scholar
• Tether , B. S. and Hipp , C. 2002 . “ Knowledge intensive, technical and other services: patterns of competitiveness and innovation ” . In Technology Analysis and Strategic Management Vol. 14 , 163 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Utterback , J. and Afuah , A. 2000 . “ Sources of innovative environments: a technological evolution perspective ” . In Regional Innovation, Knowledge and Global Change , Edited by: Acs , Z. 169 – 186 . London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Williamson , O. 1975 . Markets and Hierarchies , New York, NY : Free .
   Google Scholar