Challenges of Transformation: Innovation, Re-bundling and Traditional Manufacturing in Canada's Technology Triangle

REFERENCES

• Amin , A. 2004 . Regions unbound: towards a new politics of place . Geografiska Annaler , 86 B : 33 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Bagchi-Sen , S. 2001 . Product innovation and competitive advantage in an area of industrial decline: the Niagara region of Canada . Technovation , 21 : 45 – 54 . (doi:10.1016/S0166-4972(00)00016-X)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bathelt , H. 2009 . Re-bundling and the development of hollow clusters in the East German chemical industry . European Urban and Regional Studies , 16 : 363 – 381 . (doi:10.1177/0969776409340193)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bathelt , H. and Boggs , J. S. 2003 . Towards a reconceptualization of regional development paths: is Leipzig's media cluster a continuation of or a rupture with the past? . Economic Geography , 79 : 265 – 293 . (doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2003.tb00212.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bathelt , H. and Hecht , A. 1990 . Key technology industries in the Waterloo region: Canada's Technology Triangle (CTT) . Canadian Geographer , 34 : 225 – 234 . (doi:10.1111/j.1541-0064.1990.tb01081.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bathelt , H. , Kogler , D. F. and Munro , A. K. 2010 . A knowledge-based typology of university spin-offs in the context of regional economic development . Technovation , 30 : 519 – 532 . (doi:10.1016/j.technovation.2010.04.003)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bathelt , H. , Kogler , D. F. and Munro , A. K. 2011 . Social foundations of regional innovation and the role of university spin-offs: the case of Canada's Technology Triangle . Industry and Innovation , 18 : 461 – 486 . (doi:10.1080/13662716.2011.583462)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BMO Capital Markets . 2008 . Waterloo Region and Guelph: Short-term Pain, Long-term Gains Economic Research, Bank of Montreal, Toronto, ON (available at: http://www.techtriangle.com/UploadedFiles//2008-02-12_BMO_Waterloo-Guelph_Econ_Outlook.pdf) (accessed on 25 February 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Boschma , R. and Frenken , K. 2011 . “ Technological relatedness and regional branching ” . In Beyond Territory: Dynamic Geographies of Knowledge Creation, Diffusion, and Innovation , Edited by: Bathelt , H. , Feldman , M. P. and Kogler , D. F. 64 – 81 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Boschma , R. A. and Lambooy , J. G. 1999 . Evolutionary economics and economic geography . Journal of Evolutionary Economics , 9 : 411 – 429 . (doi:10.1007/s001910050089)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramwell , A. and Wolfe , D. A. 2008 . Universities and regional economic development: the entrepreneurial University of Waterloo . Research Policy , 37 : 1175 – 1187 . (doi:10.1016/j.respol.2008.04.016)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunkley , N. 2008 . Another month of miserable auto sales . New York Times , 2 December, B1
   Google Scholar
• Chapman , K. , MacKinnon , D. and Cumbers , A. 2004 . Adjustment or renewal in regional clusters? A study of diversification amongst SMEs in the Aberdeen oil complex . Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers , n.s. 29 : 382 – 396 . (doi:10.1111/j.0020-2754.2004.00250.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christopherson , S. , Michie , J. and Tyler , P. 2010 . Regional resilience: theoretical and empirical perspectives . Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society , 3 : 3 – 10 . (doi:10.1093/cjres/rsq004)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cities of Cambridge, Waterloo, Kitchener and Guelph . 1988 . Canada's Technology Triangle: Economic Profile Brochure. Kitchener
   Google Scholar
• Dosi , G. 1988 . “ The nature of the innovative process ” . In Technical Change and Economic Theory , Edited by: Dosi , G. , Freeman , C. , Nelson , R. R. , Silverberg , G. and Soete , L. L. G. 221 – 238 . London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Eisenhardt , K. M. 1989 . Building theories from case study research . Academy of Management Review , 14 : 532 – 550 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engelen , E. and Faulconbridge , J. 2009 . Financial geographies – the credit crisis as an opportunity to catch economic geography's next boat? . Journal of Economic Geography , 9 : 587 – 595 . (doi:10.1093/jeg/lbp037)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• English , J. and McLaughlin , K. 1983 . Kitchener: An Illustrated History , Waterloo , ON : Wilfrid Laurier University .
   Google Scholar
• Feldman , M. and Francis , J. L. 2006 . “ Entrepreneurs as agents in the formation of industrial clusters ” . In Clusters and Regional Development: Critical Reflections and Explorations , Edited by: Asheim , B. , Cooke , P. and Martin , R. 115 – 136 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Florida , R and Martin , R. 2009 . Ontario in the Creative Age Consulting Report. Martin Prosperity Institute, Toronto, ON
   Google Scholar
• Frenken , K. , van Oort , F. and Verburg , T. 2007 . Related variety, unrelated variety and regional economic growth . Regional Studies , 41 : 685 – 697 . (doi:10.1080/00343400601120296)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs , M. and Kempermann , H. Flexible specialization as locational advantage in the economic crisis? Examples from the German mechanical engineering industry . Paper presented at the IGU Conference on ‘Industrial Transition – New Patterns of Production, Work, and Innovativeness in Global–Local Spaces’ . May 20–22 2010 , Cologne , Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Gertler , M. S. 2004 . Manufacturing Culture: The Institutional Geography of Industrial Practice , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grabher , G. 1993 . “ The weakness of strong ties: the lock-in of regional development in the Ruhr area ” . In The Embedded Firm: On the Socioeconomics of Industrial Networks , Edited by: Grabher , G. 255 – 277 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Grabher , G. and Stark , D. 1997 . Restructuring Networks in Post-Socialism: Legacies, Linkages, and Localities , Edited by: Grabher , G. and Stark , D. Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• GuelphMercury.com . 2009 . 500 Collins & Aikman jobs lost GuelphMercury.com 15 January
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , C. The transition of the automotive sector as a catalyst for the mobilization of regional knowledge? The case of the ‘Greater Region SaarLorLux’ . Paper presented at the IGU Conference on ‘Industrial Transition – New Patterns of Production, Work, and Innovativeness in Global–Local Spaces’ . May 20–22 2010 , Cologne , Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton , T. 2009 . Green machining . Toronto Star , 21 November
   Google Scholar
• Hassink , R. 2005 . How to unlock regional economies from path dependency? From learning region to learning cluster . European Planning Studies , 13 : 521 – 535 . (doi:10.1080/09654310500107134)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassink , R. 2010 . Regional resilience: a promising concept to explain differences in regional economic adaptability? . Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society , 3 : 45 – 58 . (doi:10.1093/cjres/rsp033)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirsch-Kreinsen , H. 2008 . ‘Low-tech’ innovations . Industry and Innovation , 15 : 19 – 43 . (doi:10.1080/13662710701850691)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes , J. , Rutherford , T. and Fitzgibbon , S. 2005 . “ Innovation in the automotive tool, die and mould industry: a case study of the Windsor–Essex region ” . In Global Networks and Local Linkages: The Paradox of Cluster Development in an Open Economy , Edited by: Wolfe , D. and Lucas , M. 119 – 154 . Kingston , ON : McGill-Queen's University Press .
   Google Scholar
• International Monetary Fund (IMF) . 2010 . IMF Primary Commodity Prices , New York , NY : IMF . (available at: http://www.imf.org/external/np/res/commod/index.asp) (accessed 11 April 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Kaufmann , A. , Lehner , P. and Tödtling , F. 2003 . Effects of the Internet on the spatial structure of innovation networks . Information Economics and Policy , 15 : 402 – 424 . (doi:10.1016/S0167-6245(03)00005-2)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keenan , G. 2009 . Parts maker Lear files for protection . Globe and Mail, Report on Business , 10 July
   Google Scholar
• MacKinnon , D. , Cumbers , A. , Pike , A. , Birch , K. and McMaster , R. 2009 . Evolution in economic geography: institutions, political economy, and adaptation . Economic Geography , 85 : 129 – 150 . (doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01017.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malecki , E. J. 2009 . Geographical environments for entrepreneurship . International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business , 7 : 175 – 190 . (doi:10.1504/IJESB.2009.022805)
   Google Scholar
• Martin , R. 2010 . The 2009 Roepke Lecture in Economic Geography – Rethinking regional path dependence: from lock-in to evolution . Economic Geography , 86 : 1 – 27 . (doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01056.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , R. and Sunley , P. 2006 . Path dependence and regional economic evolution . Journal of Economic Geography , 6 : 395 – 435 . (doi:10.1093/jeg/lbl012)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myrdal , G. 1957 . Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions , London : Duckworth .
   Google Scholar
• Neffke , F. , Henning , M. and Boschma , R. 2011 . How do regions diversify over time? Industrial relatedness and the development of new growth paths in regions . Economic Geography , 87 : 237 – 265 . (doi:10.1111/j.1944-8287.2011.01121.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson , R. R. and Winter , S. G. 1982 . An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ontario Manufacturing Council . 2010 . 2010: A Better Year for Ontario Manufacturing Report, December. Ontario Manufacturing Council, Toronto, ON (available at: http://on.cme-mec.ca/download.php?file=gi99oczy.pdf) (accessed on 29 December 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Owen-Smith , J. and Powell , W. W. 2004 . Knowledge networks as channels and conduits: the effects of spillovers in the Boston biotechnology community . Organization Science , 15 : 2 – 21 . (doi:10.1287/orsc.1030.0054)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park , S. O. Transformation of regional governance structures and economic dynamics in the East Asian countries . Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers . April 14–18 2010 , Washington , DC , USA.
   Google Scholar
• Penrose , E. 1959 . The Theory of the Growth of the Firm , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Penrose , E. 1997 . “ The theory of the growth of the firm ” . In Resources, Firms and Strategies: A Reader in the Resource-based Perspective , Edited by: Foss , N. J. 27 – 39 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Perry , A. 2009 . Meet our post-industrial Waterloo . Toronto Star , 21 March, B2
   Google Scholar
• Pike , A. , Dawley , S. and Tomaney , J. 2010 . Resilience, adaptation and adaptability . Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society , 3 : 59 – 70 . (doi:10.1093/cjres/rsq001)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigby , D. L. and Essletzbichler , J. 1997 . Evolution, process variety, and regional trajectories of technological change in US manufacturing . Economic Geography , 73 : 269 – 284 . (doi:10.2307/144484)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherford , T. and Holmes , J. 2007 . ‘We simply have to do that stuff for our survival’: labour, firm innovation and cluster governance in the Canadian automotive parts industry . Antipode , 28 : 194 – 221 . (doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2007.00512.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutherford , T. and Holmes , J. 2008 . Engineering networks: university–industry networks in southern Ontario automotive industry clusters . Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society , 1 : 247 – 264 . (doi:10.1093/cjres/rsn001)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoenberger , E. J. 1991 . The corporate interview as a research method in economic geography . Professional Geographer , 43 : 180 – 189 . (doi:10.1111/j.0033-0124.1991.00180.x)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott , A. J. 1988 . New Industrial Spaces: Flexible Production Organization and Regional Development in North America and Western Europe , London : Pion .
   Google Scholar
• Scott , A. J. 1998 . Regions and the World Economy: The Coming Shape of Global Production, Competition, and Political Order , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Simmie , J. and Martin , R. 2010 . The economic resilience of regions: towards an evolutionary approach . Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society , 3 : 27 – 42 . (doi:10.1093/cjres/rsp029)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spears , J. 2010 . Guelph gets new solar panel plant . Toronto Star , 11 August
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 2006 . Census of Canada 2006: Profile Series, Cumulative Files Catalogue Numbers 94-581-XCB2006001 and 94-581-XCB2006004. Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 2008 . Canadian Business Patterns, June 2008: Establishment Counts by CMA, Industry Sector (NAICS 2007, 2-digit) & Employment Category (Number of employees) , Ottawa , ON : Statistics Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 2009 . CANSIM Tables 2820090 and 2055599. Labour Force Survey (LFS) Estimates , Ottawa , ON : Statistics Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 2010a . Labor Force Historical Review Catalogue Number 71F0004XVB. Statistics Canada, Ottawa, ON
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 2010b . CANSIM Table 2820056. Labour Force Survey (LFS) Estimates , Ottawa , ON : Statistics Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada . 2010c . CANSIM Tables 2067453, 2067458 and 2067467. Labour Force Survey (LFS) Estimates , Ottawa , ON : Statistics Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Storper , M. and Walker , R. 1989 . The Capitalist Imperative. Territory, Technology, and Industrial Growth , New York , NY : Basil Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , M. 2000 . “ Enterprise, power and embeddedness: an empirical exploration ” . In The Networked Firm in a Global World: Small Firms in New Environments , Edited by: Vatne , E. and Taylor , M. 199 – 233 . Aldershot : Ashgate .
   Google Scholar
• Van Alphen , T. 2008 . 1,200 Kitchener jobs going . Toronto Star , 12 February
   Google Scholar
• Van Alphen , T. 2009 . Linamar CEO sees new wave of auto parts failures . Toronto Star , 20 October
   Google Scholar
• Van Alphen , T. 2010 . Parts sector sputters in auto recovery . Toronto Star , 17 September
   Google Scholar
• Vinodrai , T. Forthcoming 2011 . “ The dynamics of economic change in Canadian cities: innovation, culture, and the emergence of a knowledge-based economy ” . In Canadian Cities in Transition: New Directions in the Twenty-First Century , 4 , Edited by: Bunting , T. , Fillion , P. and Walker , R. 87 – 109 . Toronto , ON : Oxford University Press Canada .
   Google Scholar
• Welch , C. , Marschan-Piekkari , R. , Penttinen , H. and Tahvanainen , M. 2002 . Corporate elites as informants in qualitative international business research . International Business Review , 11 : 611 – 628 . (doi:10.1016/S0969-5931(02)00039-2)
   Google Scholar
• Wernerfelt , B. 1984 . A resource-based view of the firm . Strategic Management Journal , 5 : 171 – 180 . (doi:10.1002/smj.4250050207)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilding , C. 2010 . Time for a regional strategy . Toronto Star , 26 October
   Google Scholar