Assessing the Functional Polycentricity of the Mega-City-Region of Central Belgium Based on Advanced Producer Service Transaction Links

REFERENCES

• Alderson, A. S. and Beckfield, J. (2004). Power and position in the world city system. American Journal of Sociology, 109, 811–851. doi: 10.1086/378930
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auh, S., Bell, S. J., McLeod, C. S. and Shih, E. (2007). Co-production and customer loyalty in financial services. Journal of Retailing, 83, 359–370. doi: 10.1016/j.jretai.2007.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aujean, L., Castiau, E., Roelandts, M. and Vandermotten, C. (2005). POLYNET Action 1.1.: Commuting and the Definition of Functional Urban Regions: Central Belgium, , Institute of Community Studies/The Young Foundation and POLYNET Partners, London (available at: http://www.polynet.org.uk)
   Google Scholar
• Batten, D. F. (1995). Network cities: creative urban agglomerations for the 21st century. Urban Studies, 32, 313–327. doi: 10.1080/00420989550013103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettencourt, L. A., Ostrom, A. L., Brown, S. W. and Roundtree, R. I. (2002). Client co-production in knowledge-intensive business services. California Management Review, 44, 100–128. doi: 10.2307/41166145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bröcker, J. (1989). How to eliminate certain defects of the potential formula. Environment and Planning, A, 21, 817–830. doi: 10.1068/a210817
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger, M. J. (2011). , Structure and cooptation in urban networks. PhD thesis, Erasmus University Rotterdam (available at: http://repub.eur.nl/res/pub/26178)
   Google Scholar
• Burger, M. J. and Meijers, E. J. (2012). Form follows function? Linking morphological and functional polycentricity. Urban Studies, 49, 1127–1149. doi: 10.1177/0042098011407095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger, M., van Oort, F. G. and Linders, G. J. (2009). On the specification of the gravity model of trade: zero's, excess zero's and modified Poisson estimation. Spatial Economic Analysis, 4, 167–190. doi: 10.1080/17421770902834327
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camagni, R. and Capello, R. (2004). The city network paradigm: theory and empirical evidence. In CapelloR.NijkampP. (Ed.), Urban Dynamics and Growth, (pp. 495–529). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Cameron, A. C. and Triverdi, P. K. (1986). Econometric models based on count data: comparisons and applications of some estimators and tests. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 1, 29–53. doi: 10.1002/jae.3950010104
   Google Scholar
• Capello, R. (2000). The city network paradigm: measuring urban network externalities. Urban Studies, 37, 1925–1945. doi: 10.1080/713707232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castells, M. (1996). The Rise of the Network Society, Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• De Goei, B., Burger, M. J., van Oort, F. and Kitson, M. (2010). Functional polycentrism and urban network development in the Greater South East, United Kingdom: evidence from commuting patterns, 1981–2001. Regional Studies, 44, 1149–1170. doi: 10.1080/00343400903365102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derudder, B. and Taylor, P. J. (2003). The global capacity of Belgium's major cities: Antwerp and Brussels compared. Belgeo, 4, 459–476.
   Google Scholar
• Derudder, B., Taylor, P. J., Ni, P., De Vos, A., Hoyler, M., Hanssens, H., Bassens, D., Huang, J., Witlox, F. and Yang, X. (2010). Pathways of growth and decline: connectivity changes in the world city network, 2000–2008. Urban Studies, 47, 1835–1841. doi: 10.1177/0042098010373504
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derudder, B., Taylor, P. J., Witlox, F. and Catalano, G. (2003). Hierarchical tendencies and regional patterns in the world city network: a global urban analysis of 234 cities. Regional Studies, 37, 875–886. doi: 10.1080/0034340032000143887
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dicken, P. and Malmberg, A. (2001). Firms in territories: a relational perspective. Economic Geography, 77, 345–363. doi: 10.2307/3594105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elmhorn, C. (1998). Brussels in the European economic space: the emergence of a world city?. Bevas/Sobeg, 1, 79–101.
   Google Scholar
• Elmhorn, C. (2001). Brussels: A Reflexive World City, Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International.
   Google Scholar
• Flowerdew, R. and Aitkin, M. (1982). A method of fitting the gravity model based on the Poisson distribution. Journal of Regional Science, 22, 191–202. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9787.1982.tb00744.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost, M. E. and Spence, N. A. (1995). The rediscovery of accessibility and economic potential: the critical issue of self-potential. Environment and Planning, A, 27, 1833–1848. doi: 10.1068/a271833
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, P. (1999). Planning for the mega-city: a new Eastern Asian urban form?. In BrotchieJ.NewtonP.HallP.DickeyJ. (Ed.), East–West Perspectives on 21st Century Urban Development: Sustainable Eastern and Western Cities in the New Millennium, (pp. 3–36). Aldershot: Ashgate.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, P. and Pain, K. (2006). The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe, London: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, P., Pain, K. and Green, N. (2006). Anatomy of the polycentric metropolis: eight mega-city regions in overview. In HallP.PainK. (Ed.), The Polycentric Metropolis. Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe, (pp. 20–52). London: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Hoyler, M., Kloosterman, R. C. and Sokol, M. (2008). Polycentric puzzles – emerging mega-city regions seen through the lens of advanced producer services. Regional Studies, 42, 1055–1064. doi: 10.1080/00343400802389377
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, A. (2002). The ‘global city’ misconceived: the myth of ‘global management’ in transnational service firms. Geoforum, 33, 335–350. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7185(02)00010-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kloosterman, R. C. and Musterd, S. (2001). The polycentric urban region: towards a research agenda. Urban Studies, 38, 623–633. doi: 10.1080/00420980120035259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambregts, B. (2008). Geographies of knowledge formation in mega-city regions: some evidence from the Dutch Randstad. Regional Studies, 42, 1173–1186. doi: 10.1080/00343400802360402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limtanakool, N., Dijst, M. and Schwanen, T. (2007). A theoretical framework and methodology for characterising National Urban Systems on the basis of flows of people: empirical evidence for France and Germany. Urban Studies, 44, 2123–2145. doi: 10.1080/00420980701518990
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X. and Derudder, B. (2012). Two-mode networks and the interlocking world city network model: a reply to Neal. Geographical Analysis, 44, 171–173. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-4632.2012.00844.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lüthi, S., Thierstein, A. and Goebel, V. (2010). Intra-firm and extra-firm linkages in the knowledge economy: the case of the emerging mega-city region of Munich. Global Networks, 10, 114–137. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0374.2010.00277.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijers, E. J. (2007a). Clones or complements? The division of labour between the main cities of the Randstad, the Flemish Diamond and the Rhine-Ruhr Area. Regional Studies, 41, 889–900. doi: 10.1080/00343400601120239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijers, E. J. (2007b). From central place to network model: theory and evidence of a paradigm change. Tijdschrift voor Sociale en Economische Geografie, 98, 245–259. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9663.2007.00394.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijers, E. J. (2008). Measuring polycentricity and its promises. European Planning Studies, 16, 1313–1323. doi: 10.1080/09654310802401805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijers, E. J. and Burger, M. J. (2010). Spatial structure and productivity in U.S. metropolitan areas. Environment and Planning A, 42, 1383–1402. doi: 10.1068/a42151
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Möller, K., Rajala, R. and Westerlund, M. (2008). Service innovation myopia? A new recipe for client-provider value creation. California Management Review, 50, 31–48. doi: 10.2307/41166444
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parnreiter, C. (2010). Global cities in global commodity chains: exploring the role of Mexico City in the geography of global economic governance. Global Networks, 10, 35–53. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-0374.2010.00273.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi, E. C., Beaverstock, J. V. and Taylor, P. J. (2007). Transaction links through cities: ‘decision cities’ and ‘service cities’ in outsourcing by leading Brazilian firms. Geoforum, 38, 628–642. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rozenblat, C. and Pumain, D. (2007). Firm linkages, innovation and the evolution of urban systems. In TaylorP. J.DerudderB.SaeyP.WitloxF. (Ed.), Cities in Globalization, (pp. 130–156). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sassen, S. (2001). The Global City. New York, London, Tokyo, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, A. J. (2001). In ScottA. J. (Ed.), Global City-Regions: Trends, Theory, Policy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Strihan, A. (2008). A network-based approach to regional borders: the case of Belgium. Regional Studies, 42, 539–554. doi: 10.1080/00343400701541813
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, P. J. (2001). Specification of the world city network. Geographical Analysis, 33, 181–194. doi: 10.1111/j.1538-4632.2001.tb00443.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, P. J. (2004). World City Network: A Global Urban Analysis, London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, P. J. and Aranya, R. (2008). A global ‘Urban roller coaster’? Connectivity changes in the world city network, 2000–2004. Regional Studies, 42, 1–16. doi: 10.1080/00343400601145202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, P. J., Evans, D. and Pain, K. (2006). Organization of the polycentric metropolis: corporate structures and networks. In HallP.PainK. (Ed.), The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe, (pp. 53–64). London: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, P. J., Evans, D. M., Hoyler, M., Derudder, B. and Pain, K. (2009). The UK space economy as practised by advanced producer service firms: identifying two distinctive polycentric city-regional processes in contemporary Britain. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 33, 700–718. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00857.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, P. J., Evans, D. M. and Pain, K. (2008). Application of the interlocking network model to mega-city-regions: measuring polycentricity within and beyond city-regions. Regional Studies, 42, 1079–1093. doi: 10.1080/00343400701874214
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trippl, M., Tödtling, F. and Lengauer, L. (2009). Knowledge sourcing beyond buzz and pipelines: evidence from the Vienna software sector. Economic Geography, 85, 443–462. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2009.01047.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Nuffel, N., Saey, P., Derudder, B., Devriendt, L. and Witlox, F. (2010). Measuring hierarchical differentiation: connectivity and dominance in the European urban network. Transportation Planning and Technology, 33, 343–366. doi: 10.1080/03081060.2010.494028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Oort, F., Burger, M. and Raspe, O. (2010). On the economic foundation of the urban network paradigm: spatial integration, functional integration and economic complementarities within the Dutch Randstad. Urban Studies, 47, 725–748. doi: 10.1177/0042098009352362
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Oort, F., van Brussel, J., Raspe, O., Burger, M., van Dinteren, J. and van der Knaap, B. (2006). Economische netwerken in de regio, Rotterdam: NAi Uitgevers.
   Google Scholar
• Vandermotten, C., Roelandts, M., Aujean, L. and Castiau, E. (2006). Central Belgium: polycentrism in a federal context. In HallP.PainK. (Ed.), The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe, (pp. 146–153). London: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Vuong, Q. H. (1989). Likelihood ratio tests for model selection and non-nested hypotheses. Econometrica, 57, 307–333. doi: 10.2307/1912557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall, R. and van der Knaap, B. (2011). Sectoral differentiation and network structure within contemporary worldwide corporate networks. Economic Geography, 87, 267–308. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2011.01122.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar