From ‘Techniums’ to ‘emptiums’: the failure of a flagship innovation policy in Wales

REFERENCES

• Abbey, J., Davies, G., & Mainwaring, L. (2008). Vorsprung durch Technium: Towards a system of innovation in South-West Wales. Regional Studies, 42(2), 281–293. doi: 10.1080/00343400601147281
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arshed, N., Mason, C., & Carter, S. (2016). Exploring the disconnect in policy implementation: A case of enterprise policy in England. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 34(8), 1582–1611. doi: 10.1177/0263774X16628181
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asheim, B. (2012). The changing role of learning regions in the globalizing knowledge economy: A theoretical re-examination. Regional Studies, 46(8), 993–1004. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2011.607805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BBC News. (2011). Llanelli Technium taken over by Carmarthenshire Council. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-west-wales-15526971
   Google Scholar
• Bellini, N., & Landabaso, M. (2007). Learning about innovation in Europe’s regional policy. In R. Rutten & F. Boekem (Eds.), The learning region: Foundations, state of the art, future (pp. 231–251). London: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Benneworth, P., & Hospers, G.-J. (2007). The new economic geography of old industrial regions: Universities as global–local pipelines. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 25(6), 779–802. doi: 10.1068/c0620
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergek, A., Jacobsson, S., Carlsson, B., Lindmark, S., & Rickne, A. (2008). Analyzing the functional dynamics of technological innovation systems: A scheme of analysis. Research Policy, 37, 407–429. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2007.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergek, A., & Norrman, C. (2008). Incubator best practice: A framework. Technovation, 28(1–2), 20–28. doi: 10.1016/j.technovation.2007.07.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blažek, J., & Csank, P. (2016). Can emerging regional innovation strategies in less developed European regions bridge the main gaps in the innovation process? Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 34(6), 1095–1114. doi: 10.1177/0263774X15601680
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bristow, G., Entwistle, T., Hines, F., & Martin, S. (2008). New spaces for inclusion? Lessons from the ‘Three-thirds’ partnerships in Wales. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 32(4), 903–921. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00822.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bristow, G., & Jones-Evans, D. (2008, May). The prospects for public sector led regional innovation systems: Lessons from Wales. Paper presented at the Regional Studies Association conference, Prague, Czech Republic.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, R., Gregson, G., & Mason, C. (2016). A post-mortem of regional innovation policy failure: Scotland’s intermediate technology initiative (ITI). Regional Studies, 50(7), 1260–1272. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2014.985644
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement, M., & Davies, S. (2002). Technium concept. Proceedings of the SPIE (International Society for Optical Engineering), 4588, 362–370.
   Google Scholar
• Cooke, P. (2003). The regional innovation system in Wales; evolution or eclipse? In J. Braczyk, P. Cooke, & M. Heidenreich (Eds.), Regional innovation systems (2nd ed., pp. 365–379). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cooke, P. (2013). Re-framing regional development: Evolution, innovation and transition. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cooke, P., & Clifton, N. (2005). Visionary, precautionary and constrained ‘varieties of devolution’ in the economic governance of the devolved UK territories. Regional Studies, 39(4), 437–451. doi: 10.1080/00343400500128457
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke, P., & Piccaluga, A. (2006). Regional development in the knowledge economy. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Davies, G., & Abbey, J. (2007). Technium pan-Wales: Impact assessment (Technical Report). El Paso: Institute for Policy and Economic Development, University of Texas.
   Google Scholar
• Díez-Vial, I., & Montoro-Sánchez, A. (2016). How knowledge links with universities may foster innovation: The case of a science park. Technovation, 50–51, 41–52. doi: 10.1016/j.technovation.2015.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DTZ. (2010). Evaluation of the Technium programme, Stage 1: Scoping and review. Final Report to the Welsh Assembly. Cardiff: DTZ.
   Google Scholar
• Etzkowitz, H., & Klofsten, M. (2005). The innovating region: Toward a theory of knowledge-based regional development. R&D Management, 35(3), 243–255. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9310.2005.00387.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etzkowitz, H., & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: From national systems and ‘Mode 2’ to a triple helix of university–industry–government relations. Research Policy, 29(2), 109–123. doi: 10.1016/S0048-7333(99)00055-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2010). Europe 2020: A strategy for smart, sustainable and inclusive growth. Brussels: European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2012). State of the innovation union 2012. Brussels: European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. (2013). The goals of smart specialisation (S3 Policy Brief Series). Brussels: European Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, R. (2010). Six of Wales’ Techniums are being scrapped – Where did it all go wrong? Western Mail. Retrieved from http://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/six-walestechniums-being-scrapped--1887639?pageNumber=2
   Google Scholar
• Evans, P., Holtz, R., & Roberts, A. (2008). Empirical investigation of FDI in Wales. Cardiff: Welsh Assembly Government Research Unit.
   Google Scholar
• Flanagan, K., Uyarra, E., & Laranja, M. (2011). Reconceptualising the ‘policy mix’ for innovation. Research Policy, 40(5), 702–713. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2011.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foray, D., David, P., & Hall, B. (2011). Smart Specialisation; from academic idea to political instrument, the surprising career of a concept and the difficulties involved in its implementation (MTI Working Paper). Retrieved from http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/170252/files/MTEI-WP-2011-001-Foray_David_Hall.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, S. (2006). Commercialisation in Wales – A report by the independent task and finish group. Cardiff: National Assembly for Wales.
   Google Scholar
• HPC Wales. (2015). Final evaluation of High Performance Computing Wales (Report prepared by The Innovation Partnership Ltd, September).
   Google Scholar
• Huggins, R., & Johnston, A. (2009). Knowledge networks in an uncompetitive region: SME innovation and growth. Growth and Change, 40(2), 227–259. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2257.2009.00474.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huggins, R., Johnston, A., & Stride, C. (2012). Knowledge networks and universities: Locational and organisational aspects of knowledge transfer interactions. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 24(7–8), 475–502. doi: 10.1080/08985626.2011.618192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huggins, R., & Pugh, R. (2015). Regional competitiveness and Schumpeterian development; policy evolution in Wales. In J. Valdaliso & J. Wilson (Eds.), Strategies for shaping territorial competitiveness (pp. 131–154). Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Johnes, M (2012). Wales since 1939. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, M., Monsen, E. W., & MacKenzie, N. G. (2017). Follow the leader or the pack? Regulatory focus and academic entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Product and Innovation Management, 34(2), 181–200. doi: 10.1111/jpim.12355
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones-Evans, D. (2002). Research and development in Wales (Report to the Economic Development Committee). Cardiff: National Assembly for Wales.
   Google Scholar
• Jones-Evans, D. (2013). What we can learn from £100m and 10 years wasted on the Technium programme? Western Mail. Retrieved from http://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-opinion/what-can-learn-100m-10-4036144
   Google Scholar
• Kautonen, M., Pugh, R., & Raunio, M. (2017). Transformation of regional innovation policies: From ‘traditional’ to ‘next generation’ models of incubation. European Planning Studies, 25(4), 620–637. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2017.1281228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerton, O., & Bright, L. (2012). Comparison of the Welsh innovation offerings against other areas of the UK. Treforest: University of Glamorgan Research Office and Welsh Government.
   Google Scholar
• Koschatzky, K. (2009). The uncertainty in regional innovation policy: Some rationales and tools for learning in policy making (No. R6/2009). Arbeitspapiere Unternehmen und Region. Fraunhofer ISI.
   Google Scholar
• Lundvall, B.-Å. (2007). National innovation systems – Analytical concept and development tool. Industry and Innovation, 14(1), 95–119. doi: 10.1080/13662710601130863
   Google Scholar
• McCann, P., & Ortega-Argilés, R. (2015). Smart specialization, regional growth and applications to European Union Cohesion Policy. Regional Studies, 49(8), 1291–1302. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2013.799769
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann, P., & Ortega-Argiles, R. (2016). Smart specialisation, entrepreneurship and SMEs: Issues and challenges for a results-oriented EU regional policy. Small Business Economics, 46(4), 537–552. doi: 10.1007/s11187-016-9707-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, K. (1997). The learning region: Institutions, innovation, and regional renewal. Regional Studies, 31(5), 491–503. doi: 10.1080/00343409750132289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, K. (2004). Sustainable regions: Governance, innovation and scale. European Planning Studies, 12(6), 871–889. doi: 10.1080/0965431042000251909
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, K. (2012). Path dependency and the state: The politics of novelty in old industrial regions. In P. Cooke (Ed.), Re-framing regional development: Evolution, innovation and transition (pp. 318–340). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Morgan, K. (2016). Nurturing novelty: Regional innovation policy in the age of smart specialisation. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 35(4), 569–583.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, L., Huggins, R., & Thompson, P. (2016). Social capital and innovation: A comparative analysis of regional policies. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 34(6), 1025–1057. doi: 10.1177/0263774X15597448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Assembly for Wales Enterprise and Learning Committee. (2008). Minutes of the meeting of the Enterprise and Learning Committee, April 16, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• National Endowment for Science, Technology and the Arts (NESTA). (2008). Innovation by adoption: Measuring and mapping absorptive capacity in UK nations and regions. London: NESTA.
   Google Scholar
• Office for National Statistics (ONS). (2014). Business enterprise research and development 2013 (Statistical Bulletin, 20 November). ONS.
   Google Scholar
• Oughton, C., Landabaso, M., & Morgan, K. (2002). The regional innovation policy paradox: Innovation policy and industrial policy. Journal of Technology Transfer, 27(1), 97–110. doi: 10.1023/A:1013104805703
   Google Scholar
• Perchard, A., MacKenzie, N. G., Decker, S., & Favero, G. (2017). Clio in the business school: Historical approaches in strategy, international business and entrepreneurship. Business History, 59(6), 904–927. doi: 10.1080/00076791.2017.1280025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickernell, D. (2011). Economic development policy in Wales since devolution: From despair to where? (CASS Papers in Economic Geography). Cardiff: Centre for Advanced Studies, Cardiff University School of City and Regional Planning.
   Google Scholar
• Pugh, R. (2016). Universities and economic development in lagging regions: ‘Triple helix’ policy in Wales. Regional Studies, 51(7), 982–993. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2016.1171306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh, R. (2017). Questioning the implementation of smart specialisation: Regional innovation policy and semi-autonomous regions. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh, R. E. (2014). ‘Old wine in new bottles?’ Smart specialisation in Wales. Regional Studies, Regional Science, 1(1), 152–157. doi: 10.1080/21681376.2014.944209
   Google Scholar
• Pyke, C., & Youle, R. (2017). Swansea’s £1.3bn city deal will ‘transform the health and economic opportunities’ of the region. Western Mail. Retrieved from http://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/live-updates-prime-minister-swansea-12766424
   Google Scholar
• Rhisiart, M., & Jones-Evans, D. (2016). The impact of foresight on entrepreneurship: The Wales 2010 case study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 102, 112–119. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2015.03.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roper, S., Love, J., & Cooke, P. (2006). The Scottish innovation system: Actors, roles and actions (Report). Edinburgh: Scottish Government. Retrieved from http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/89713/0021562.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Salter, A. J., & Martin, B. R. (2001). The economic benefits of publicly funded basic research: A critical review. Research Policy, 30, 509–532. doi: 10.1016/S0048-7333(00)00091-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sveikauskas, L. (2007). R&D and productivity growth: A review of the literature (Working Paper 408). Washington, DC: US Bureau of Labor Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Tödtling, F., & Trippl, M. (2005). One size fits all?: Towards a differentiated regional innovation policy approach. Research Policy, 34(8), 1203–1219. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2005.01.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uyarra, E., & Flanagan K. (2010). From regional systems of innovation to regions as innovation policy spaces. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 28, 681–695. doi: 10.1068/c0961
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wales Audit Office (WAO). (2011). Techniums: Letter from the Auditor General for Wales (March 16). Cardiff: WAO.
   Google Scholar
• Wales Online. (2011). Technium centre rebranded to help build bridges for new businesses. Wales Online . Retrieved from http://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/technium-centre-rebranded-help-build-1817775
   Google Scholar
• Welsh Assembly Government. (2002a). A winning Wales. Cardiff: Welsh Assembly Government.
   Google Scholar
• Welsh Assembly Government. (2002b). Wales for innovation (Innovation Action Plan). Cardiff: Welsh Assembly Government.
   Google Scholar
• Welsh Assembly Government. (2004). Knowledge economy nexus. Cardiff: Welsh Assembly Government.
   Google Scholar
• Welsh Assembly Government. (2005). Wales: A vibrant economy. Cardiff: Welsh Assembly Government.
   Google Scholar
• Welsh Assembly Government. (2006). Science policy for Wales. Cardiff: Welsh Assembly Government.
   Google Scholar
• Welsh Assembly Government. (2010). The economic renewal programme. Cardiff: Welsh Assembly Government.
   Google Scholar
• Welsh Government. (2013). Innovation Wales. Cardiff: Welsh Government.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Q., MacKenzie, N. G., Jones-Evans, D., & Huggins, R. (2016). Leveraging knowledge as a competitive asset? The intensity, performance and structure of entrepreneurial universities and their regional knowledge networks. Small Business Economics. doi: 10.1007/s11187-016-9759-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar