REFERENCES
- Anderson, C. (2006). Economic voting and multilevel governance: A comparative individual-level analysis. American Journal of Political Science, 50(2), 449–463. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00194.x
- Arndt, C. (2013). The electoral consequences of Third Way welfare state reforms. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
- Bélanger, É., & Meguid, B. M. (2008). Issue salience, issue ownership, and issue-based vote choice. Electoral Studies, 27(3), 477–491. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2008.01.001
- Bloom, H. S., & Douglas Price, H. (1975). Voter response to short-run economic conditions: The asymmetric effect of prosperity on recession. American Political Science Review, 69(4), 1240–1254. doi: 10.2307/1955284
- Bormann, N.-C., & Golder, M. (2013). Democratic electoral systems around the world, 1946–2011. Electoral Studies, 32(2), 360–369. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2013.01.005
- Brady, D., Huber, E., Moller, S., Nielsen, F., & Stephen, J. D. (2003). Distribution and redistribution in postindustrial democracy. World Politics, 55(2), 193–228. doi: 10.1353/wp.2003.0009
- Burkhart, R. E., & Lewis-Beck, M. S. (1994). Comparative democracy: The economic development thesis. American Political Science Review, 88(4), 903–910. doi: 10.2307/2082715
- Cutler, F. (2008). Whodunnit? Voters and responsibility in Canadian federalism. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 41(3), 627–654. doi: 10.1017/S0008423908080761
- Dassonneville, R., & Lewis-Beck, M. S. (2013). Economic policy voting and incumbency: Unemployment in Western Europe. Political Science Research and Methods, 1(1), 53–66. doi: 10.1017/psrm.2013.9
- Dassonneville, R., & Lewis-Beck, M. S. (Eds.). (2014a). The economic voter and economic crisis. Acta Politica, 49(4) [ Special Issue ], 369–371.
- Dassonneville, R., & Lewis-Beck, M. S. (2014b). Macroeconomics, economic crisis and electoral outcomes: A national European pool. Acta Politica, 49(4), 372–394. doi: 10.1057/ap.2014.12
- Dassonneville, R., & Lewis-Beck, M. S. (2017). Rules, institutions and the economic vote: Clarifying clarity of responsibility. West European Politics, 40(3), 534–559. doi: 10.1080/01402382.2016.1266186
- De Sio, L., & Weber, T. (2014). Issue yield: A model of party strategy in multidimensional space. American Political Science Review, 108(4), 870–885. doi: 10.1017/S0003055414000379
- Debus, M., Stegmaier, M., & Tosun, J. (2014). Economic voting under coalition governments: Evidence from Germany. Political Science Research and Methods, 2(1), 49–67. doi: 10.1017/psrm.2013.16
- Döring, H., & Manow, P. (2016). Parliaments and Governments database (ParlGov): Information on parties, elections and cabinets in modern democracies. Development version. Retrieved from http://www.parlgov.org/
- Duch, R., & Stevenson, R. (2008). The economic vote: How political and economic institutions condition election results. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Fiorina, M. P. (1978). Economic retrospective voting in American national elections: A micro-analysis. American Journal of Political Science, 22(2), 426–443. doi: 10.2307/2110623
- Franko, W. W., Tolbert, C. J., & Witko, C. (2013). Inequality, self-interest, and public support for ‘Robin Hood’ tax policies. Political Research Quarterly, 66(4), 923–937. doi: 10.1177/1065912913485441
- Green, J. (2007). When voters and parties agree: Valence issues and party competition. Political Studies, 55(3), 629–655.
- Green, J., & Jennings, W. (2017). Valence. In K. Arzheimer, J. Evans, & M. S. Lewis-Beck (Eds.), The Sage handbook of electoral behavior (pp. 538–560). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
- Healy, A., & Malhotra, N. (2013). Retrospective voting reconsidered. Annual Review of Political Science, 16, 285–306. doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-032211-212920
- Hellwig, T. (2012). Constructing accountability: Party position taking and economic voting. Comparative Political Studies, 45(1), 91–118. doi: 10.1177/0010414011422516
- Hellwig, T., & McAllister, I. ( Forthcoming 2019). Party positions, Asset ownership, and economic voting. Political Studies. doi: 10.1177/0032321718815781
- Hobolt, S., Tilley, J., & Banducci, S. (2013). Clarity of responsibility: How government cohesion conditions performance voting. European Journal of Political Research, 52(2), 164–187.
- Hooghe, L., Marks, G., Schakel, A. H., Osterkatz, S. C., Niedzwiecki, S., & Shair-Rosenfield, S. (2016). A postfunctionalist theory of governance, Vol. I: Measuring regional authority. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Inglehart, R. (2016). Inequality and modernization: Why equality is likely to make a comeback. Foreign Affairs, 95(1), 2–10.
- Inglehart, R., & Welzel, C. (2009). How development leads to democracy: What we know about modernization. Foreign Affairs, 88(2), 33–48.
- Key, V. O. (1966). The responsible electorate: Rationality in presidential voting, 1936–1960. Cambridge, MA: Belknap/Harvard University Press.
- Kiewiet, D. R. (1983). Macroeconomics and micropolitics: The electoral effects of economic issues. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Larsen, V. M. (2016). Economic conditions affect support for prime minister parties in Scandinavia. Scandinavian Political Studies, 39(3), 226–241. doi: 10.1111/1467-9477.12063
- Lau, R. R. (1985). Two explanations for negativity effects in political behavior. American Journal of Political Science, 29(1), 119–138. doi: 10.2307/2111215
- Lewis-Beck, M., Nadeau, R., & Foucault, M. (2013). The complete economic voter: New theory and British evidence. British Journal of Political Science, 43(2), 241–261. doi: 10.1017/S0007123412000440
- Lewis-Beck, M. S. (1988). Economics and elections: The major Western democracies. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Lewis-Beck, M. S., & Lobo, M. C. (2017). The economic vote: Ordinary vs. extraordinary times. In K. Arzheimer, J. Evans, & M. S. Lewis-Beck (Eds.), The Sage handbook of electoral behavior (pp. 606–629). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
- Lewis-Beck, M. S., & Nadeau, R. (2009). Obama and the economy in 2008. PS: Political Science and Politics, 42(3), 479–483. doi: 10.1017/S1049096509090775
- Lewis-Beck, M. S., & Nadeau, R. (2011). Economic voting theory: Testing new dimensions. Electoral Studies, 30(2), 288–294. doi: 10.1016/j.electstud.2010.09.001
- Lewis-Beck, M. S., & Stegmaier, M. (2007). Economic models of voting. In R. J. Dalton, & H.-D. Klingemann (Eds.), Oxford handbook of political behavior (pp. 518–537). New York: Oxford University Press.
- Lewis-Beck, M. S., & Stegmaier, M. (2013). The V-P function revisited: A survey of the literature on vote and popularity functions after over 40 years. Public Choice, 157(3), 367–385. doi: 10.1007/s11127-013-0086-6
- Lewis-Beck, M. S., & Whitten, G. (Eds.). (2013). Economics and elections: Effects deep and wide. Electoral Studies, 32 [ Special Issue], 393–395.
- Marsh, L. C., & Cormier, D. R. (2002). Spline regression models. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
- Nadeau, R., Lewis-Beck, M. S., & Bélanger, E. (2013). Economics and elections revisited. Comparative Political Studies, 46(5), 551–573.
- Norpoth, H., Lewis-Beck, M. S., & Lafay, J.-D. (1991). Economics and politics: The calculus of support. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Paparo, A., & Lewis-Beck, M. S. (2019). Valence and positional economic voting: A comparison across major democracies. Paper presented at the CPSA Annual Conference, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2019.
- Powell, G. B. Jr., & Whitten, G. D. (1993). A cross-national analysis of economic voting: Taking account of the political context. American Journal of Political Science, 37(2), 391–414. doi: 10.2307/2111378
- Schumacher, G., Vis, B., & van Kersbergen, K. (2013). Political parties’ welfare Image, electoral punishment and welfare state retrenchment. Comparative European Politics, 11(1), 1–21. doi: 10.1057/cep.2012.5
- Seeberg, H. (2017). How stable is political parties’ issue ownership? A cross-time, cross-national analysis. Political Studies, 65(2), 475–492. doi: 10.1177/0032321716650224
- Solt, F. (2016). The standardized world income inequality database. Social Science Quarterly, 97(5), 1267–1281. doi: 10.1111/ssqu.12295
- Soroka, S. N. (2006). Good news and bad news: Asymmetric responses to economic information. Journal of Politics, 68(2), 372–385. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00413.x
- Stegmaier, M., Lewis-Beck, M. S., & Park, B. (2017). VP-functions: A review. In K. Arzheimer, J. Evans, & M. S. Lewis-Beck (Eds.), The Sage handbook of electoral behavior (pp. 584–605). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
- Stiglitz, J. E. (2013). The price of inequality. New York: Norton.
- The Conference Board. (2019). Total economy database: Real gross domestic product. Retrieved from www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase
- Stokes, D. E. (1963). Spatial models of party competition. American Political Science Review, 57(2), 368–377. doi: 10.2307/1952828
- Van der Brug, W., Van der Eijk, C., & Franklin, M. (2007). The economy and the vote: Economic conditions and elections in fifteen countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Wlezien, C., & Kayser, M. (2011). Performance pressure, partisan alignment and he economic vote. European Journal of Political Research, 50(3), 365–394. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6765.2010.01934.x