Quality of governance, social capital and corruption: local governance and the Pakistan marketplace

References

• Acemoglu, D., Cheema, A., Khawaja, A. I., & Robinson, J. A. (2018). Trust in state and nonstate actors: Evidence from dispute resolution in Pakistan (NBER Working Paper 24611).
   Google Scholar
• Adaman, F., & Odabas, M. (2014). Furthering the link between social capital and corruption. In A. Christoforou & B. J. Davis (Eds.), Social capital and economics: Social values, power, and social identity (Vol. 20, pp. 82–97). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Albanese, J. S., & Artello, C. (2019). The behaviour of corruption: An empirical typology of public corruption by objective and method. Criminology, Justice, Law and Society, 20(1), 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Ariely, G., & Uslaner, E. M. (2017). Corruption, fairness, and inequality. International Political Science Review, 38(3), 349–362. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512116641091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barden, P., & Mukherjee, D. (2006). Decentralization, corruption and government accountability. In S. Rose-Ackerman & H. R. Luce (Eds.), International handbook of economic corruption (pp. 161–188). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Bebington, A. (2002). Sharp knives and blunt instruments: Social capital in development studies. Antipode, 34(4), 800–803. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8330.00272
   Google Scholar
• Bjornskov, C. (2004). Corruption and social capital (Working Paper 03-13). Department of Economics, Aarhus School of Business. Retrieved from https://pure.au.dk/portal/files/32303928/0003139.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. doi: https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Cagala, T., Glogowsky, U., Grimm, V., Rincke, J., & Cueva, A. T. (2016, May 20). Corruption and social capital formation (Working Paper). Retrieved from www.wirtschaftspolitik.rw.uni-erlangen.de/ … /corruption-and-social-capital-formation
   Google Scholar
• Charron, N., & Rothstein, B. (2014). Social trust, quality of government and ethnic diversity. QoG Working Paper Series, 2014(20), 20.
   Google Scholar
• Christoforou, A., & Davis, J. B. (2014). Social capital and economics: Social values, power, and social identity (Vol. 20). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, V., & Braun, V. (2018). Using thematic analysis in counselling and psychotherapy research: A critical reflection. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 18(2), 107–110.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, K. S., Hardin, R., & Levi, M. (2005). Cooperation without trust? New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Diaby, A., & Sylwester, K. (2014). Bureaucratic competition and public corruption: Evidence from transition countries. European Journal of Political Economy, 35, 75–87. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2014.04.002
   Google Scholar
• Easterly, W. (2001). The political economy of growth without development: A case-study of Pakistan. Paper for the analytical narratives of growth project. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
   Google Scholar
• Fine, B. (2003). Social capital: The World Bank’s fungible friend. Journal of Agrarian Change, 3(4), 586–603. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0366.00068
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, C. S. (2001). Bowling alone: What’s the score? Presented at authors meet critics: Putnam, bowling alone. Anaheim, CA: American Sociological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Fisman, R., & Gatti, R. (2002). Decentralization and corruption: Evidence across countries. Journal of Public Economics, 83(3), 325–345. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2727(00)00158-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, J., & Wolak, J. (2016). The roots of trust in national and local government in Western Europe. International Political Science Review, 37(1), 130–146. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0192512114545119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fletcher, A. J. (2016). Applying critical realism in qualitative research: Methodology meets methods. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 20(2), 181–194. Retrieved from http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2016.1144401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flora, J. L. (1998). Social capital and communities of place. Rural Sociology, 63(4), 481–506. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1998.tb00689.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley, M. W., & Edwards, B. (1999). Is it time to disinvest in social capital? Journal of Public Policy, 19(2), 141–173. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0143814X99000215
   Google Scholar
• Gambetta, D. (Ed.). (1988). Trust: Making and breaking cooperative relations. New York, NY: B. Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Graeff, P. (2004). Why should one trust in corruption? The linkages between corruption, norms and social capital. In J. Lambsdorff, M. Taube, & M. Schramm (Eds.), The new institutional economics of corruption (pp. 40–58). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, S. (2016). The politics of order in informal markets: Evidence from Lagos. DFID: Output for Development Working Paper. Retrieved January 5, 2017, from http://shelbygrossman.com/wp/content/uploads/2013/01/Grossman-September-8
   Google Scholar
• Guess, J. M. (2005). Comparative decentralization: Lessons from Pakistan, Indonesia and the Philippines. Public Administration Review, 65(2), 218–230. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6210.2005.00446.x
   Google Scholar
• Gurgur, T., & Shah, A. (2005). Localization and corruption: Panacea or Pandora’s box? (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 3486).
   Google Scholar
• Hahn, C. (2008). Doing qualitative research using your computer: A practical guide. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Harriss, J. (2001). Public action and the dialectics of decentralisation: Against the myth of social capital as ‘the missing link in development’. Social Scientist, 29(11), 25–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/3518225
   Google Scholar
• Hastings, A., & Matthews, P. (2015). Bourdieu and the big society: Empowering the powerful in public service provision. Policy and Politics, 43(4), 545–560. doi: https://doi.org/10.1332/030557314X14080105693951
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzok, C., & Handke, C. (2018). Thematic analysis of policy data. In H. Van den Bulck, M. Puppis, K. Donders, & L. Van Audenhove (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of methods for media policy analysis. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (pre-print version).
   Google Scholar
• Hussain, A., & Hussain, S. (2009). Poverty, power and local government. In P. Wignaraja, S. Sirivardana, & A. Hussain (Eds.), Economic democracy through pro poor growth (pp. 291–314). New Delhi: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Islam, N. (2004). Sifarish, sycophants, power and collectivism: Administrative culture in Pakistan. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 70(2), 311–330. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852304044259
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson, J., Asif, M., Bradford, B., & Zakria Zakar, M. (2014). Corruption and police legitimacy in Lahore, Pakistan. British Journal of Criminology, 54(6), 1067–1088. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azu069
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jan, M. A. (2014). The emergence and transformation of Batkhela (Malakand) bazaar: Ethnic entrepreneurship, social networks and change in disadvantageous society (PSSP Working Paper 21). Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, K. (2006). Protecting respondent confidentiality in qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 19(11), 1632–1641. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732309350879
   Google Scholar
• Khan, M. S. (2017a). Institutional design variance in local governments across Pakistan: What has social capital got to do with it? Pakistan Perspectives, 22(1), 43–71.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, M. S. (2017b). Legalizing informality: The case of Batkhela bazaar, Malakand, Pakistan. In I. Horodnic, P. Rodgers, C. Williams, & L. Momtazian (Eds.), The informal economy: Exploring drivers and practices. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, M. S. (2019). Marketplace, social capital and local governance: The case of Batkhela bazaar in the evolving governance of Malakand, Pakistan (Unpublished PhD thesis). Centre for Enterprise and Economic Development Research, Middlesex University, London.
   Google Scholar
• Lambsdorff, J. G. (2006). Causes and consequences of corruption: What do we know from a cross-section of countries? In S. Rose-Ackerman & H. R. Luce (Eds.), International handbook of economic corruption (pp. 3–52). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Levi, M. (1998). Chapter 4: A state of trust. In V. Braithwaite & M. Levi (Eds.), Trust and governance (pp. 77–101). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Lowndes, V., & Wilson, D. (2001). Social capital and local governance: Exploring the institutional design variable. Political Studies, 49, 629–647. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, M., & Snoxell, S. (2005). Sustainable urban livelihood and marketplace social capital: Crises and strategy in petty trade. Urban Studies, 41(8), 1301–1320. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00420980500150631
   Google Scholar
• Maloney, W., Smith, G., & Stoker, G. (2000). Social capital and urban governance: Adding a more contextualized “top-down” perspective. Political Studies, 48(4), 802–820. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.00284
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melgar, N., Rossi, M., & Smith, T. W. (2010). Perception of corruption. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 21(1), 120–131. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edp058
   Google Scholar
• Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. P. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mohan, G., & Mohan, J. (2002). Placing social capital. Progress in Human Geography, 26(2), 191–210. doi: https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132502ph364ra
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohmand, S. K. (2008). Local government reforms in Pakistan: Strengthening social capital or rolling back the state? In D. Gellner & K. Hachhethu (Eds.), Local democracy in South Asia: Microprocesses of democratization in Nepal and its neighbours (pp. 380–415). Delhi: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mustafa, D., & Qazi, M. U. (2007). Transition from Karez to tubewell irrigation: Modernization, development and social capital in Balochistan, Pakistan. World Development, 35(10), 1796–1813. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nooteboom, B. (2007). Social capital, institutions and trust. Review of Social Economy, 65(1), 29–53. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00346760601132154
   Google Scholar
• Palifka, B. J. (2006, April 22). Corruption and entrepreneurship in Brazil. Paper presented at 150th note conference, Edinburgh, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Pawson, R., & Tilley, N. (1997). Realistic evaluation. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• PBS. (2017). Summary results of 6th population and housing census. Retrieved from www.pbs.gov.pk.
   Google Scholar
• Persson, A., Rothstein, B., & Teorell, J. (2013). Why anticorruption reforms fail – systemic corruption as a collective action problem. Governance, 26(3), 449–471. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2012.01604.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petro, N. N. (2001). Creating social capital in Russia: The Novgorod model. World Development, 29, 229–244. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00101-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prud’homme, R. (1995). The dangers of decentralization. World Bank Research Observer, 10(2), 201–220. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/10.2.201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam, R. (1995). Bowling alone: America's declining social capital. Journal of Democracy, 6(1), 65–78. doi: https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.1995.0002
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, R. D., Leonardi, R., & Nonetti, R. Y. (1993). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reitan, M., Gustafsson, K., & Blekesaune, A. (2015). Do local government reforms result in higher levels of trust in local politicians? Local Government Studies, 41(1), 156–179. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2014.891983
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins, B. G. (2012). Institutional quality and generalized trust: A nonrecursive causal model. Social Indicators Research, 107(2), 235–258. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9838-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothstein, B. (2001, April 6–11). Creating trust from above: Social capital and institutional legitimacy. For presentation at ECPR joint sessions of workshops, Grenoble.
   Google Scholar
• Rothstein, B. (2003). Social capital, economic growth and quality of government: The causal mechanism. New Political Economy, 8(1), 49–71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/1356346032000078723
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothstein, B. (2013). Corruption and social trust: Why the fish rots from the head down. Social Research, 80(4), 1009–1032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothstein, B. (2016). Solidarity, diversity and the quality of government. In K. Banting & W. Kymlicka (Eds.), The strains of commitment: The political sources of solidarity in diverse societies (pp. 341–365). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rothstein, B. (2017). Solidarity, diversity and the quality of government. In K. Banting & W. Kymlicka (Eds.), The strains of commitment: The political sources of solidarity in diverse societies (pp. 30–326). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rothstein, B., & Eek, D. (2009). Political corruption and social trust: An experimental approach. Rationality and Society, 21(1), 81–112. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463108099349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothstein, B., & Stolle, D. (2001, September15–20). Social capital and street-level bureaucracy: An institutional theory of generalized trust. ESF conference social capital: Interdisciplinary perspectives, Exeter.
   Google Scholar
• Rothstein, B., & Stolle, D. (2002, August 28–September 2). How political institutions create or destroy social capital: An institutional theory of generalized trust. Paper prepared for the 98th meeting of the American political Science Association at, Boston, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Rothstein, B., & Stolle, D. (2008). The state and social capital: An institutional theory of generalized trust. Comparative Politics, 40(4), 441–459. doi: https://doi.org/10.5129/001041508X12911362383354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothstein, B., & Teorell, J. (2008). What is quality of government? A theory of impartial government institutions. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration and Institutions, 21(2), 165–190. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2008.00391.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rydin, Y., & Pennington, M. (2000). Public participation and local environmental planning: The collective action problem and the potential of social capital. Local Environment, 5(2), 153–169. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/13549830050009328
   Google Scholar
• Schuller, T. (2007). Reflections on the use of social capital. Review of Social Economy, 65(1), 11–28. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/00346760601132162
   Google Scholar
• Shah, A., & Shah, S. (2006). The new visions of local governance and the evolving roles of local governments. In A. Shah (Ed.), Local governance in developing countries. Washington, DC: World Bank. pp. 1–46.
   Google Scholar
• Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1993). Corruption. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 597–617. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/2118402
   Google Scholar
• Svendsen, G. T. (2004). Social capital, corruption and economic growth: Eastern and Western Europe (Working Paper 03-21). Department of Economics, Aarhus Business School. Retrieved from https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/32304040/0003156.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tang, M., & Huhe, N. (2014). The variant effect of decentralization on trust in national and local governments in Asia. Political Studies, 64(1), 217–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanzi, V. (1995). Fiscal federalism and decentralization: A review of some efficiency and macroeconomic aspects. Annual World Bank conference on development economics (pp. 295–316). Washington, DC: The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Teles, F. (2012). Local governance, identity and social capital: A framework for administrative reforms. Theoretical and Empirical Research in Urban Management, 7(4), 20–34.
   Google Scholar
• Titeca, K., & Vervisch, T. (2008). The dynamics of social capital and community associations in Uganda: Linking capital and its consequences. World Development, 36(11), 2205–2222. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.10.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torfing, J., Peters, B. G., Pierre, J., & Sorensen, E. (2012). Interactive governance: Advancing the paradigm. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Treisman, D. (2002). Decentralization and the quality of government. Department of Political Science, UCLA. Unpublished paper. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/seminar/2000/fiscal/treisman.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Uslaner, E. M. (2005). The bulging pocket and the rule of law: Corruption, inequality, and trust. For conference ‘On the quality of government: What it is, how to get it, why it matters’ (pp. 17–19). Goteborg: Quality of Government Institute, Department of Political Science, Goteborg University.
   Google Scholar
• Uslaner, E. M. (2008). The foundation of trust: Macro and micro. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 32, 289–294. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bem039
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uslaner, E. M. (2010, March). Corruption, the inequality trap, and trust in government. Prepared for workshop ‘The interrelationship between institutional performance and political support in Europe: Discussing causes, and consequences’, Munster.
   Google Scholar
• Uslaner, E. M. (2013). Trust and corruption revisited: How and why trust and corruption shape each other. Quality and Quantity, 47, 1–6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-012-9742-z
   Google Scholar
• Uslaner, E. M., & Badescu, G. (2002, November 22–24). Honesty, trust and legal norms in the transition to democracy: Why Bo Rothstein is better able to explain Sweden than Romania. Prepared for Collegium Budapest project on honesty and trust conference, workshop on formal and informal cooperation, Budapest.
   Google Scholar
• Wacquant, L. (1998). Negative social capital: State breakdown and social destitution in America’s urban core. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 13(1), 25–40. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02496932
   Google Scholar
• Wallis, J., Killerby, P., & Dollery, B. (2003). Social economics and social capital (Econ. Paper no. 2003-04). Explanatory power of social capital with regard to spatial variations in economic and institutional performance.
   Google Scholar
• Widmalm, S. (2005). Decentralization, corruption and social capital: From India to the West. New Delhi: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Wolkewitz, D., & Bhatti, A. (2015). Five years of the 18th constitutional amendment: Lessons learnt, milestones achieved. Development Advocate Pakistan, 2(1), 3–9.
   Google Scholar
• Woolcock, M. (2001). The place of social capital in understanding social and economic outcomes. Canadian Journal of Policy Research, 2(1), 11–17.
   Google Scholar
• Yousaf, M., Ihsan, F., & Ellahi, A. (2016). Exploring the impact of good governance on citizens’ trust in Pakistan. Government Information Quarterly, 33(1), 200–209. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar