158
Views
29
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Taxonomic review of fossil Proboscidea (Mammalia) from Langebaanweg, South Africa

Pages 1-16 | Published online: 22 Mar 2010

REFERENCES

  • Anonymous . 1827 . A review of Frédéric Cuvier and Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères . The Zoological Journal (London) , 3 : 140 – 143 .
  • Arambourg , C. 1945 . Anancus osiris, un mastodonte nouveau du Pliocène inférieur d'Egypte . Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France , 15 : 479 – 495 .
  • Arambourg , C. 1970 . Les Vertébrés du Pléistocène de l'Afrique du Nord . Archives du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 7e Serie , 10 : 1 – 126 .
  • Aymard , A. 1855 . “ Anancus Aymard. Anancus macroplus Aymard ” . In Notice géologique sur le cratère de Coupet et sur son gisement de gemmes et d'ossements fossiles Annales de la Societé d'Agriculture Edited by: Dorlhac , M. J. Vol. 19 , 497 – 517 . p. 505, Sciences, Arts et Commerce du Puy (Procès-Verhaux, Janvier)
  • Beden , M. 1980 . Elephas recki Dietrich, 1915 (Proboscidea, Elephantidae). Évolution au cours du Plio-Pléistocène en Afrique orientale . Géobios , 13 : 891 – 901 .
  • Beden , M. 1985 . “ Les Proboscidiens des Grands Gisements à Hominidés Plio-Pléistocènes d'Afrique Orientale ” . In L'Environnement des Hominidés au Plio-Pléistocène Edited by: Beden , M. , Behrensmeyer , A. K. , Boaz , N. T. , Bonnefille , R. , Brain , C. K. , Cooke , H. B.S. , Coppens , Y. , Dechamps , R. , Eisenmann , V. , Gentry , A. , Geraads , D. , Geze , R. , Guerin , C. , Harris , J. , Koeniguer , J-C. , Letouzey , R. , Petter , G. , Vincens , A. and Vrba , E. 21 – 44 . Paris : Masson .
  • Beden , M. 1987a . Les Faunes Plio-Pléistocènes de la Vallée de l'Omo (Éthiopie). Tome 2. Les Elephantidés (Mammalia, Proboscidea) 162 Paris : Editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique .
  • Beden , M. 1987b . “ Fossil Elephantidae from Laetoli ” . In Laetoli. A Pliocene Site in Northern Tanzania Edited by: Leakey , M. D. and Harris , J. M. 259 – 294 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • Bernor , R. L. 2006 . A contribution to understanding the evolutionary history of the Langebaanweg ‘E’ Quarry hipparion, Eurygnathohippus cf . baardi. African Natural History , 2 : 180
  • Bishop , W. W. , Chapman , G. R. , Hill , A. and Miller , J. A. 1971 . Succession of Cainozoic vertebrate assemblages from the northern Kenya Rift Valley . Nature , 233 : 389 – 394 .
  • Bromage , T. G. , Schrenk , F. and Juwayeyi , Y. M. 1995 . Paleobiogeography of the Malawi Rift: Age and vertebrate paleontology of the Chiwondo Beds, northern Malawi . Journal of Human Evolution , 28 : 37 – 57 .
  • Brunet , M. , Beauvilain , A. , Billiou , D. , Bocherens , H. , Boisserie , J-R. , De Bonis , L. , Branger , P. , Brunet , A. , Coppens , U. , Daams , R. , Dejax , J. , Denys , C. , Duringer , P. , Eisenmann , V. , Fanoné , F. , Fronty , P. , Gayet , M. , Geraads , D. , Guy , F. , Kasser , M. , Koufos , G. , Likius , A. , Lopez-Martinez , N. , Louchart , A. , Maclatchy , L. , Mackaye , H. T. , Marandat , B. , Mouchelin , G. , Mourer-Chauviré , C. , Otero , O. , Peigné , S. , Campomanes , P. P. , Pilbeam , D. , Rage , J. C. , De Ruitter , D. , Schuster , M. , Sudre , J. , Tassy , P. , Vignaud , P. , Viriot , L. and Zazzo , A. 2000 . Chad: Discovery of a vertebrate fauna close to the Mio-Pliocene boundary . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 20 : 205 – 209 .
  • Burnett , G. T. 1830 . Illustrations of the Quadrupeda, or Quadrupeds, being the arrangement of the true four-footed beasts indicated in outline . Quarterly Review of the Journal of Science, London , : 336 – 353 . December 1829
  • Cerling , T. E. , Harris , J. M. and Leakey , M. G. 1999 . Browsing and grazing in elephants: the isotope record of modern and fossil proboscideans . Oecologia , 120 : 364 – 374 .
  • Cerling , T. E. , Harris , J. M. and Leakey , M. G. 2003 . “ Isotope paleoecology of the Nawata and Nachukui Formations at Lothagam, Turkana Basin, Kenya ” . In Lothagam: The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa Edited by: Leakey , M. G. and Harris , J. M. 605 – 624 . New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Cerling , T. E. , Wang , Y. and Quade , J. 1993 . Expansion of C4 ecosystems as an indicator of global ecological change in the late Miocene . Nature , 361 : 344 – 345 .
  • Cooke , H. B.S. and Coryndon , S. 1970 . “ Fossil mammals from the Kaiso Formation and other related deposits in Uganda ” . In Fossil Vertebrates of Africa Edited by: Leakey , L. S.B. and Savage , R. G.J. 107 – 224 . Edinburgh : Academic Press .
  • Cooke , H. B.S. and Maglio , V. J. 1972 . “ Plio-Pleistocene stratigraphy in East Africa in relation to proboscidean and suid evolution ” . In Calibration of Hominoid Evolution Edited by: Bishop , W. W. and Miller , J. A. 303 – 329 . Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press .
  • Coppens , Y. 1965 . Les Proboscidiens du Tchad . Actes du Ve Congres Panafricain de Préhistoire et de l'Étude du Quaternaire (Santa Cruz de Tenerife) , I ( 5 ) : 331 – 387 .
  • Coppens , Y. 1967 . “ Les Faunes de Vertebres Quaternaires du Tchad ” . In Background to Evolution in Africa Edited by: Bishop , W. W. and Clark , J. D. 89 – 97 . Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
  • Coppens , Y. , Maglio , V. J. , Madden , C. T. and Beden , M. 1978 . “ Proboscidea ” . In Evolution of African Mammals Edited by: Maglio , V. J. and Cooke , H. B.S. 336 – 367 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
  • Cuvier , F. 1825 . “ Eléphant d'Afrique ” . In Histoire naturelle des Mammifères, Volume 3 Edited by: Saint-Hilaire , G. and Cuvier , F. 1 – 2 . Paris : Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle .
  • Dart , R. 1929 . Mammoths and other fossil elephants of the Vaal and Limpopo watersheds . South African Journal of Science , 26 : 698 – 731 .
  • Deino , A. K. , Tauxe , L. , Monaghan , M. and Hill , A. 2002 . 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and paleomagnetic stratigraphy of the Lukeino and lower Chemeron Formations at Tabarin and Kapcheberek, Tugen Hills, Kenya . Journal of Human Evolution , 42 : 117 – 140 .
  • Drake , R. and Curtis , G. H. 1987 . “ K-Ar geochronology of the Laetoli fossil localities ” . In Laetoli. A Pliocene Site in Northern Tanzania Edited by: Leakey , M. D. and Harris , J. M. 48 – 61 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • Franz-Odendaal , T. A. 2006 . Analysis of the dental pathologies in the Pliocene herbivores of Langebaanweg and their palaeoenvironmental implications . African Natural History , 2 : 184 – 185 .
  • Franz-Odendaal , T. A. , Kaiser , T. M. and Bernor , R. L. 2003 . Systematics and dietary evaluation of a fossil equid from South Africa . South African Journal of Science , 99 : 453 – 459 .
  • Franz-Odendaal , T. A. , Lee-Thorp , J. A. and Chinsamy , A. 2002 . New evidence for the lack of C4 grassland expansions during the early Pliocene at Langebaanweg, South Africa . Paleobiology , 28 : 378 – 388 .
  • Gaziry , A. W. 1987 . “ Remains of Proboscidea from the early Pliocene of Sahabi, Libya ” . In Neogene Paleontology and Geology of Sahabi Edited by: Boaz , N. T. , El-Arnauti , A. , Gaziry , A. W. , de Heinzelin , J. and Boaz , D. D. 183 – 203 . New York : Alan R. Liss .
  • Göhlich , U. B. 1999 . “ Order Proboscidea ” . In The Miocene Land Mammals of Europe Edited by: Rössner , G. and Heissig , K. 157 – 168 . Munich : F. Pfeil .
  • Gray , J. E. 1821 . On the natural arrangements of vertebrose animals . London Medical Repository , 15 : 296 – 310 .
  • Haile-Selassie Y. 2001 Late Miocene mammalian fauna from the Middle Awash Valley, Ethiopia. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of California, Berkeley. 425
  • Harris , J. M. 1987 . “ Summary ” . In Laetoli. A Pliocene Site in Northern Tanzania Edited by: Leakey , M. D. and Harris , J. M. 524 – 531 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • Harris , J. M. , Brown , F. H. and Leakey , M. G. 1988 . Stratigraphy and palaeontology of Plio-Pleistocene localities west of Lake Turkana, Kenya . Contributions in Science , 399 : 1 – 128 .
  • Harris , J. M. , Leakey , M. G. and Cerling , T. E. 2003 . “ Early Pliocene tetrapod remains from Kanapoi, Lake Turkana Basin, Kenya ” . In Geology and Vertebrate Paleontology of the Early Pliocene Site of Kanapoi, Northern Kenya Edited by: Harris , J. M. and Leakey , M. G. 39 – 113 . Los Angeles : Contributions in Science . Number 498, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County
  • Hay , O. P. 1922 . Further observations onsome extinct elephants . Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington , 35 : 97 – 101 .
  • Hay , R. L. 1987 . “ Geology of the Laetoli area ” . In Laetoli. A Pliocene Site in Northern Tanzania Edited by: Leakey , M. D. and Harris , J. M. 23 – 47 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
  • Hendey , Q. B. 1970 . The age of the fossiliferous deposits at Lange-baanweg, Cape Province . Annals of the South African Museum , 56 : 119 – 131 .
  • Hendey , Q. B. 1973 . Fossil occurrences at Langebaanweg, Cape Province, South Africa . Nature , 244 : 13 – 14 .
  • Hendey , Q. B. 1976 . The Pliocene fossil occurrences in ‘E’ Quarry, Langebaanweg, South Africa . Annals of the South African Museum , 69 : 215 – 247 .
  • Hendey , Q. B. 1978 . The age of the fossils from Baard's Quarry, Langebaanweg, South Africa . Annals of the South African Museum , 75 : 1 – 24 .
  • Hendey , Q. B. 1981 . Palaeoecology of the late Tertiary fossil occurrences in ‘E’ Quarry, Langebaanweg, South Africa, and a reinterpretation of their geological context . Annals of the South African Museum , 84 : 1 – 104 .
  • Hendey , Q. B. 1982 . Langebaanweg. A Record of Past Life 67 Cape Town : South African Museum .
  • Hill , A. 1994 . “ Late Miocene and early Pliocene hominoids from Africa ” . In Integrative Paths to the Past Edited by: Corruccini , R. S. and Ciochon , R. L. 123 – 145 . Englewood Cliffs, , New Jersey : Prentice Hall .
  • Hill , A. 2002 . Paleoanthropological research in the Tugen Hills, Kenya . Journal of Human Evolution , 42 : 1 – 10 .
  • Hill , A. , Curtis , G. and Drake , R. 1986 . “ Sedimentary stratigraphy of the Tugen Hills, Baringo, Kenya ” . In Sedimentation in the African Rifts Edited by: Frostick , L. E. , Renaut , R. W. , Reid , I. and Tiercelin , J-J. 285 – 295 . Oxford : Blackwell & Geological Society of London Special Publication 25 .
  • Hill , A. , Drake , R. , Tauxe , L. , Monaghan , M. , Barry , J. C. , Behrensmeyer , A. K. , Curtis , G. , Fine , Jacobs B. , Jacobs , L. , Johnson , N. and Pilbeam , D. 1985 . Neogene palaeontology and geochronology of the Baringo Basin, Kenya . Journal of Human Evolution , 14 : 759 – 773 .
  • Illiger , C. D. 1811 . Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium additis terminis zoographicis uttriusque classis 301 Berlin : Salfeld .
  • Kalb , J. E. , Froehlich , D. J. and Bell , G. L. 1996a . “ Phylogeny of African and Eurasian Elephantoidea of the late Neogene ” . In The Proboscidea. Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives Edited by: Shoshani , J. and Tassy , P. 101 – 116 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Kalb , J. E. , Froehlich , D. J. and Bell , G. L. 1996b . “ Palaeobiogeography of late Neogene African and Eurasian Elephantoidea ” . In The Proboscidea. Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives Edited by: Shoshani , J. and Tassy , P. 117 – 123 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Kalb , J. E. and Mebrate , A. 1993 . Fossil elephantoids from the hominid-bearing Awash Group, Middle Awash Valley, Afar Depression, Ethiopia . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society , 83 : 1 – 114 .
  • Kingston , J. D. and Harrison , T. 2007 . Isotopic dietary reconstructions of Pliocene herbivores at Laetoli: implications for early hominin paleoecology . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 243 : 272 – 306 .
  • Klein , R. G. , Avery , G. , Cruz-Uribe , K. and Steele , T. E. 2007 . The mammalian fauna associated with an archaic hominin skullcap and later Acheulean artifacts at Elandsfontein, Western Cape Province, South Africa . Journal of Human Evolution , 52 : 164 – 186 .
  • Linnaeus C. 1758 Systema naturae per regina tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species cum characteribus, differentus; synonymis, locis (Editio decima, reformata, I. Laurentii Slavii, Holmiae).
  • Lister , A. and Bahn , P. 1994 . Mammoths 168 New York : Macmillan .
  • Lister , A. and Van Essen , H. 2003 . “ Mammuthus rumanus (Stefanescu), the earliest mammoth in Europe ” . In Advances in Vertebrate Paleontology “Hen to Panta” Edited by: Petculescu , A. and Stiuca , E. 47 – 52 . Bucharest : Romanian Academy “Emil Racovitza” Institute of Speleology .
  • Macinnes , D. G. 1942 . Miocene and post-Miocene Proboscidia [sic] from East Africa . Transactions of the Zoological Society of London , 25 : 33 – 106 .
  • Mackaye , H. T. , Brunet , M. and Tassy , P. 2005 . Selenetherium kolleensis nov. gen. nov. sp.: un nouveau Proboscidea (Mammalia) dans le Pliocène tchadien . Géobios , 38 : 765 – 777 .
  • Maglio , V. J. 1970a . Early Elephantidae of Africa and a tentative correlation of African Plio-Pleistocene deposits . Nature , 225 : 328 – 332 .
  • Maglio , V. J. 1970b . Four new species of Elephantidae from the Plio-Pleistocene of northwestern Kenya . Breviora , 341 : 1 – 43 .
  • Maglio , V. J. 1972 . Evolution of mastication in the Elephantidae . Evolution , 26 : 638 – 658 .
  • Maglio , V. J. 1973 . Origin and evolution of the Elephantidae . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society , 63 : 1 – 149 .
  • Maglio , V. J. and Hendey , Q. B. 1970 . New evidence relating to the supposed stegolophodont ancestry of the Elephantidae . South African Archaeological Bulletin , 25 : 85 – 87 .
  • Matthews , T. 2006 . A review of the Muridae of Langebaanweg (Mio-Pliocene, West Coast, South Africa) . African Natural History , 2 : 188 – 189 .
  • Mawby , J. E. 1970 . Fossil vertebrates from Northern Malawi: preliminary report . Quaternaria , 13 : 319 – 324 .
  • Mebrate A. 1983 Late Miocene-Middle Pleistocene Proboscidean Fossil Remains from the Middle Awash Valley, Afar Depression, Ethiopia. Unpublished Master's thesis, University of Kansas. 119
  • Mebrate , A. and Kalb , J. E. 1985 . Anancinae (Proboscidea: Gomphotheriidae) from the Middle Awash Valley, Afar, Ethiopia . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 5 : 93 – 102 .
  • Meiring , A. J.D. 1955 . Fossil proboscidean teeth and ulna from Virginia, O.F.S . Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum (Researches of the National Museum), Bloemfontein , 1 ( 8 ) : 187 – 201 .
  • Metz-Muller , F. 1995 . Mise en évidence d'une variation intra-spécifique des caractères dentaires chez Anancus arvernensis (Proboscidea, Mammalia) du gisement de Dorkovo (Pliocène ancien de Bulgarie, Biozone MN 14) . Géobios , 28 : 737 – 743 .
  • Mol , D. 2006 . The Langebaanweg locality: an important site for a better view of the evolutionary history of the mammoths . African Natural History , 2 : 190 – 191 .
  • Osborn , H. F. 1928 . Mammoths and man in the Transvaal . Nature , 121 : 672 – 673 .
  • Osborn , H. F. 1934 . Primitive Archidiskodon and Palaeoloxodon of South Africa . American Museum Novitates , 741 : 1 – 15 .
  • Petrocchi , C. 1943 . Il giacimento fossilifero di Sahabi . Collezione Scientifica e documentaria a cura del Ministero dell' Africa Italiana, Verbania , 12 : 169
  • Petrocchi , C. 1954 . Paleontologia di Sahabi. Parte I. Probosidati si Sahabi . Rendiconti Accademia nazionale dei , XL ( 4-5 ) : 8 – 74 .
  • Pickford , M. , Senut , B. and Hadoto , D. 1993 . Geology and Palaeobiology of the Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaire. Volume I: Geology 190 Orleans, , France : Occasional Publication 24, Centre International pour la Formation et les Echanges Géologiques .
  • Renne , P. R. , Woldegabriel , G. , Hart , W. K. , Heiken , G. and White , T. D. 1999 . Chronostratigraphy of the Miocene-Pliocene Sagantole Formation, Middle Awash Valley, Afar rift, Ethiopia . Geological Society of America Bulletin , 111 : 869 – 885 .
  • Sanders , W. J. 1997 . “ Fossil Proboscidea from the Wembere-Manonga Formation, Manonga Valley, Tanzania ” . In Neogene Paleontology of the Manonga Valley, Tanzania Edited by: Harrison , T. 265 – 310 . New York : Plenum Press .
  • Sanders , W. J. 2004 . Taxonomic and systematic review of Elephantidae based on late Miocene-early Pliocene fossil evidence from Afro-Arabia . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 24 : 109A Supplement to Number 3:
  • Sanders , W. J. 2005 . New Pliocene fossil proboscidean specimens from Laetoli, Tanzania . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 25 : 109A Supplement to Number 3:
  • Sanders , W. J. 2006 . Comparative description and taxonomy of proboscidean fossil from Langebaanweg, South Africa . African Natural History , 2 : 196 – 197 .
  • Sanders , W. J. , Gheerbrant , E. , Harris , J. M. , Saegusa , H. and Delmer , C. “ In preparation. Proboscidea ” . In Cenozoic Mammals of Africa Edited by: Werdelin , L. and Sanders , W. J. Berkeley : University of California Press .
  • Schoeninger , M. J. , Reeser , H. and Hallin , K. 2003 . Paleoenvironment of Australopithecus anamensis at Allia Bay, East Turkana, Kenya: evidence from mammalian herbivore enamel stable isotopes . Journal of Anthropological Archaeology , 22 : 200 – 207 .
  • Semaw , S. , Simpson , S. W. , Quade , J. , Renne , P. R. , Butler , R. F. , Macintosh , W. C. , Levin , N. , Dominguez-Rodrigo , M. and Rogers , M. J. 2005 . Early Pliocene hominids from Gona, Ethiopia . Nature , 433 : 301 – 304 .
  • Shoshani , J. 1996 . “ Para-or monophyly of the gomphotheres and their position within Proboscidea ” . In The Proboscidea. Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives Edited by: Shoshani , J. and Tassy , P. 149 – 177 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Shoshani , J. and Tassy , P. 1996 . “ Summary, conclusions, and a glimpse into the future ” . In The Proboscidea. Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives Edited by: Shoshani , J. and Tassy , P. 335 – 348 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Singer , R. and Hooijer , D. A. 1958 . A Stegolophodon from South Africa . Nature , 182 : 101 – 102 .
  • Tankard , A. J. and Rogers , J. 1978 . Late Cenozoic palaeoenvironments on the West Coast of southern Africa . Journal of Biogeography , 5 : 319 – 337 .
  • Tassy P. 1985 La place des mastodontes miocènes de l'ancien monde dans la phylogénie des Proboscidea (Mammalia): hypothèses et conjectures. Unpublished Thése Doctorat de Etat ès Sciences Naturelles, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, Volumes I-III. 861
  • Tassy , P. 1986 . Nouveaux Elephantoidea (Mammalia) dans le Miocène du Kenya 135 Paris : Cahiers de Paleontologie, Éditions du Centre de la Recherche Scientifique .
  • Tassy , P. 1988 . The classification of Proboscidea: how many cladistic classifications? . Cladistics , 4 : 43 – 57 .
  • Tassy , P. 1995 . “ Les Proboscidiens (Mammalia) Fossiles du Rift Occidental, Ouganda ” . In Geology and Palaeobiology of Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaire. Vol. II: Palaeobiology 217 – 257 . Orleans : CIFEG Occasional Publications . 1994/29.
  • Tassy , P. 1996 . “ Who is who among the Proboscidea ” . In The Proboscidea. Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives Edited by: Shoshani , J. and Tassy , P . 39 – 48 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Tassy , P. 2003 . “ Elephantoidea from Lothagam ” . In Lothagam: The Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa Edited by: Leakey , M. G. and Harris , J. M. 331 – 358 . New York : Columbia University Press .
  • Thomas , M. G. , Hagelberg , E. , Jones , H. B. , Yang , Z. and Lister , A. M. 2000 . Molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the Elephantidae . Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B , 267 : 2493 – 2500 .
  • Tobien , H. 1973a . The structure of the mastodont molar (Proboscidea, Mammalia). Part I: the bunodont pattern . Mainzer Geowissenschaften Mitteilungsblatt , 2 : 115 – 147 .
  • Tobien , H. 1973b . On the evolution of mastodonts (Proboscidea, Mammalia). Part I: the bunodont trilophodont group . Notizblatt des Hessischen Landesamtes für Bodenforschung zu Wiesbaden , 101 : 202 – 276 .
  • Tobien , H. , Chen , G. and Li , Y. 1988 . Mastodonts (Proboscidea, Mammalia) from the late Neogene and early Pleistocene of the People's Republic of China. Part 2. The genera Tetralophodon, Anancus, Stegotetrabelodon, Zygolophodon, Mammut, Stegolophodon. Some generalities on the Chinese Mastodonts . Mainzer Geowissenschaften Mitteilungsblatt , 17 : 95 – 220 .
  • Todd , N. E. 2006 . Trends in proboscidean diversity in the African Cenozoic . Journal of Mammalian Evolution , 13 : 1 – 10 .
  • Todd , N. E. and Roth , V. L. 1996 . “ Origin and radiation of the Elephantidae ” . In The Proboscidea. Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and their Relatives Edited by: Shoshani , J. and Tassy , P. 193 – 202 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
  • Ungar , P. S. , Merceron , G. and Scott , R. S. 2006 . Dental microwear of bovids from Langebaanweg: evidence for diet and palaeoecology . African Natural History , 2 : 199 – 200 .
  • Vacek , M. 1877 . Über österreichische Mastodonten und ihre Bezie-hungen zu den Mastoden-Arten Europas . Abhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Koninglichen geologischen Reichenstalt , 7 : 1 – 45 .
  • Vanoverstraeten , M. , Van Gysel , J. , Tassy , P. , Senut , B. and Pickford , M. 1990 . Découverte d'une molaire éléphantine dans le Pliocène de la région d'Ishasha, Parc national des Virunga, sud du lac Édouard, Province du Kivu, Zaïre . Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Paris, Série II , 311 : 887 – 892 .
  • Werdelin , L. 2006 . The position of Langebaanweg in the evolution of Carnivora in Africa . African Natural History , 2 : 201 – 202 .
  • White , T. D. , Moore , R. V. and Suwa , G. 1984 . Hadar biostratigraphy and hominid evolution . Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology , 4 : 575 – 583 .
  • Zazzo , A. , Bocherens , H. , Brunet , M. , Beauvilain , A. , Billiou , D. , Mackaye , H. T. , Vignaud , P. and Mariotti , A. 2000 . Herbivore paleodiet and paleoenvironmental changes in Chad during the Pliocene using stable isotope ratios of tooth enamel carbonate . Paleobiology , 26 : 294 – 309 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.