CALCAREOUS NANNOFOSSILS IN PLEISTOCENE SEDIMENT CORES FROM THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONTINENTAL SLOPE

REFERENCES

• Arkhangelsky , A. D. 1912 . Verkhnemelovyya otolozheniga vostoka evropeyskog Rossii (Upper Cretaceous deposits of east European Russia) . Materiaien zur Geologie Russlands , 25 : 631
   Google Scholar
• Bartolini , C. 1970 . Coccoliths from sediments of the western Mediterranean . Micropaleontology , 16 : 129 – 154 .
   Google Scholar
• Bé , A. W. H. and Tolderlund , D. S. 1971 . “ Distribution and ecology of living planktonic foraminifera in surface waters of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. ” . In The Micropalaeontology of Oceans. Edited by: Funnell , B. M. and Riedel , W. R. 105 – 149 . Cambridge Univ. Press . pp
   Google Scholar
• Berggren , W. A. 1971 . “ Tertiary boundaries and correlations. ” . In The Micropaleontology of Oceans. Edited by: Funnell , B. M. and Riedel , W. R. 693 – 809 . Cambridge Univ. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Black , M. 1962 . Fossil coccospheres from a Tertiary outcrop on the continental slope . Geol. Mag. , 99 : 123 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• Black , M. 1965 . Coccoliths . Endeavour , 24 : 131 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Black , M. 1971 . “ The systematics of coccoliths in relation to the palaeontological record. ” . In The Micropalaeontology of Oceans Edited by: Funnell , B. M. and Riedel , W. R. 611 – 624 . Cambridge Univ. Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Black , M. 1972 . British Lower Cretaceous Coccoliths. 1. Gault Clay . Paleontograph, Soc. Mon. Lond. , 1 : 1 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Black , M. and Barnes , B. 1959 . The structure of coccoliths from the English chalk . Geol. Mag. , 96 : 321 – 328 .
   Google Scholar
• Black , M. and Barnes , B. 1961 . Coccoliths and discoasters from the floor of the South Atlantic Ocean . J. roy. Micro. Soc. , 80 : 137 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• Boudreaux , J. E. and Hay , W. W. 1969 . Calcareous nannoplankton and biostratigraphy of the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene-Recent sediments in the Submarex cores . Revista Esp. Micropaleont , 1 : 249 – 292 .
   Google Scholar
• Braarud , T. , Bramlette , M. N. , Deflandre , G. , Kamptner , E. , Loeblich , A. R. , Martini , E. and Tappan , H. 1964 . Rhabdosphaera haeckel 1894 (Coccolithophorida): proposed validation under the plenary powers and designation of a lectotype for Coccolithus oceanicus Schwarz, 1894. Z. N.(5) 1658 . Bull. Zool. Nomenel. , 21 : 397 – 400 .
   Google Scholar
• Braarud , T. , Gaarder , K. R. , Markali , J. and Nordli , E. 1952 . Coccolithophorids studied in the electron microscope. Observations on Coccolithus huxleyi . Syracosphaera carterae. Nytt Mag. Bot. , 1 : 129 – 134 .
   Google Scholar
• Bukry , D. 1971a . Initial Repts. D.S.D.P., V. VI. Edited by: Fischer , A. G. 965 – 1003 . Washington : U.S. Govt. Print. Office . Coccolith stratigraphy Leg 6, Deep Sea Drilling Project. In
   Google Scholar
• Bukry , D. 1971b . 1513 – 1528 . Coccolith stratigraphy Leg 7, Deep Sea Drilling Project. In: Initial Repts. D.S.D.P., V. VII. (2) Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Office
   Google Scholar
• Bukry , D. 1973 . “ Coccolith stratigraphy, Eastern Equatorial Pacific, Leg 16, Deep Sea Drilling Project. ” . In Initial Repts. D.S.D.P., V. XVI. Edited by: Andel , T. H. Heath , F. R. 653 – 711 . Washington : U.S. Govt. Print. Office .
   Google Scholar
• Bukry , D. 1973a . Initial Repts. D.S.D.P., V. X. Edited by: Worzel , J. L. Bryant , W. 385 – 406 . Washington : U.S. Govt. Print. Office . Coccolith stratigraphy, Leg 10, Deep Sea Drilling Project In: pp
   Google Scholar
• Bukry , D. and Bramlette , M. N. 1968 . Stratigraphic significance of two genera of Tertiary calcareous nannofossils . Tulane Studies Geol. Paleo. , 6 : 149 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• Bukry , D. and Bramlette , M. N. 1969 . Some new and stratigraphically useful calcareous nannofossils of the Cenozoic . Tulane Studies Geol. Paleo. , 7 : 131 – 142 .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , D. F. 1973 . Effects of ultrasonic pressure on calcareous nannofossils . Geology , 1 : 61 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , C. L. D. 1964 . Coccolithophorids from two Caribbean deep-sea cores . Micropalaeontology , 10 : 231 – 250 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , C. L.D. and Reinhardt , P. 1968 . Coccolithophorids from the Pleistocene Caribbean deep-sea core, CP-28 . Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläont , 131 : 289 – 304 .
   Google Scholar
• Dayman , J. 1858 . 73 Deep Sea soundings in the North Atlantic Ocean between Ireland and Newfoundland, made in H.M.S. Cyclops. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode
   Google Scholar
• Deflandre , G. 1954 . Premiers apports de la paléontologic à nos connaissances sur l'evolution des Coccolithophoridés . Rapp. & Commun. VIlle Congr. Int. Bot. Paris. , 17 : 119 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Deflandre , G. and Fert , C. 1952 . Sur la structure fine de quelques coccolithes fossiles observes au microscope électronique; Signification morphogenetique et application à la systematique . Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris , 234 : 2100 – 2102 .
   Google Scholar
• Deflandre , G. and Fert , C. 1954 . Observations sur les coccolithophoridés actuels et fossiles en microscopie ordinaire et electronique . Ann. Paléontol. , 40 : 115 – 176 .
   Google Scholar
• Downie , C. and Honeycombe , R. W. K. 1956 . Examination of fossil coccoliths in the Electron Microscope . Nature, Lond. , 177 : 947 – 948 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehrenberg , C. G. 1836 . Bemerkungen ueber feste mikroskopische, anorganische Formen in den erdigen und derben Mineralien, K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin: 84–85
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenberg , C. G. 1840 . Ueber die Bildung der Kreidefelsen und des Kreidemergels durch unsichtbare Organismen, K. Akad. Wiss. Berlin Physik. Kl. Abh. Jahrg. 1838: 59–147
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenberg , C. G. 1854 . Mikrogeologie; Das Erden und Felsen schaffende Wirken des unsichtbar kleinen selbstaendigen Lebens auf der Erde: Leipzig: Leopold Voss
   Google Scholar
• Gaarder , K. R. 1971 . “ Comments on the distribution of Coccolithophorids in the oceans. ” . In The Micropalaeontology of Oceans. Edited by: Funnell , B. M. and Riedel , W. R. 97 – 103 . Cambridge Univ. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gardet , M. 1955 . Contribution à l'etude des coccolithes des Terrains Néogenes de l'Algeria, Publ. Servo Carte Géol. Algerie, ser. 2 . Bull. , 5 : 477 – 550 .
   Google Scholar
• Gartner , S. 1969 . Correlation of Neogene planktonic foraminifer and calcareous nannofossil zones . Trans. G.C.A.G.S. , 19 : 585 – 599 .
   Google Scholar
• Gartner , S. 1972 . Late Pleistocene calcareous nannofossils in the Caribbean and their interoceanic correlation . Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol. , 12 : 169 – 191 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartner , S. and Bukry , D. 1974 . 26 Morphology, ultrastructure and phylogeny of the coccolithophorid Family Ceratolithaceae. Abstracts, Third Planktonic Conference. Kiel University.p
   Google Scholar
• Geitzenauer , K. R. 1972 . The Pleistocene calcareous nannoplankton of the subantarctic Pacific Ocean . Deep-Sea Res. , 19 : 45 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Gran , H. H. 1912 . The Depths of the Oceans. 387 London
   Google Scholar
• Haeckel , E. 1870 . Biol, Studien, Beitraege zur Plastidentheorie . Jenaische Zeitschr. Naturw. , 5 : 492 – 550 .
   Google Scholar
• Halldal , P. and Markali , J. 1955 . Electron microscope studies on coccolithophorids from the Norwegian Sea, the Gulf Stream and the Mediterranean. Avh. Norske Vidensk. Akad., Mat-Naturv. Kl.: 1–30
   Google Scholar
• Haq , B. U. 1971 . Palaeogene nannoplankton biostratigraphy and evolutionary rates in Cenozoic calcareous nannoplankton . Stockholm Contrib. Geol. , 25 : 129 – 158 .
   Google Scholar
• Haq , B. U. 1973a . Transgressions, climatic change and the diversity of calcareous nannoplankton . Mar. Geol. , 15 : 25 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haq , B. U. 1973b . Evolutionary trends in the Cenozoic coccolithophore genus . Helicopontosphaera. Micropaleont. , 19 : 32 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Hart , G. F. , Pienaar , R. N. and Caveney , R. 1965 . An aragonite coccolith from South Africa . S. Afr. J. Sci. , 61 : 425 – 426 .
   Google Scholar
• Hay , W. W. and Mohler , H. P. 1967 . Calcareous nannoplankton from Early Tertiary rocks at Pont Labau, France, and Paleocene-Early Eocene correlations . J. Paleo. , 41 : 1505 – 1541 .
   Google Scholar
• Hay , W. W. , Mohler , H. P. , Roth , P. H. , Schmidt , R. R. and Boudreaux , J. E. 1967 . Calcareous nannoplankton zonation of the Cenozoic of the Gulf Coast and Caribbean-Antillean area and transoceanic correlation . Trans. G.C.A.G.S. , 17 : 428 – 480 .
   Google Scholar
• Hay , W. W. and Towe , K. M. 1962 . Electron microscopic examination of some coccoliths from Donacq (France) . Eclo. Geol. Helv. , 55 : 497 – 517 .
   Google Scholar
• Hekel , H. 1973 . Late Oligocene to Recent nannoplankton from the Capricorn Basin (Great Barrier Reef Area) . Geological Survey of Queensland Publication No. 359, Palaeontological Papers , No. 33: 1–23
   Google Scholar
• Huxley , T. H. 1868 . On some organisms living at great depths in the North Atlantic Ocean . Roy. micro. Soc. Quart. J. , 15 : 203 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamptner , E. 1930 . Die Kalkflagellaten des Süsswassers und ihre Beziehungen zu jenen des Brackwassers und des Meeres . Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. Hydrogr. , 24 : 147 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamptner , E. 1937 . Neue und bermerkenswerte Coccolitheneen aus dem. Mittelmeer . Arch. Protistenk. , 89 : 279 – 316 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamptner , E. 1941 . Die Coccolithineen der Südwestküste von Istrien . Ann. Nat. Mus., Wien. , 51 : 54 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamptner , E. 1943 . Zur Revision der Coccolithineen-Spezies Pontosphaera huxleyi Lohrn . Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturw. , 80 : 43 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamptner , E. 1944 . Coccolithineen-Studien im Golf von Neapel . Wien. (Österr.) Bot. Z. , 93 : 138 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamptner , E. 1954 . Untersuchungen über den Feinbau der Coccolithen . Arch. Protistenk , 100 : 1 – 90 .
   Google Scholar
• Kamptner , E. 1967 . Kalkflagellaten-Skelettreste aus Tiefseeschlamm des Südaflontischen Ozeans . Ann. Nat. Mus., Wien. , 71 : 117 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• Laing , J. F. 1974 . A specimen location technique for SEM strew mounts . Palaeontology , 17 : 435 436
   Google Scholar
• Loeblich , A. R. and Tappan , H. 1966 . Annotated index and bibliography of the calcareous nannoplankton . Phycologia , 5 : 81 – 216 .
   Google Scholar
• Loeblich , A. R. and Tappan , H. 1969 . Annotated index and bibliography of the calcareous nannoplankton III . J. Palaeo. , 43 : 568 – 588 .
   Google Scholar
• Loeblich , A. R. and Tappan , H. 1970a . Annotated index and bibliography of the calcareous nannoplankton IV . J. Palaeo. , 44 : 558 – 574 .
   Google Scholar
• Loeblich , A. R. and Tappan , H. 1970b . Annotated index and bibliography of the calcareous nannoplankton V . Phycologia , 9 : 157 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Loeblich , A. R. and Tappan , H. 1971 . Annotated index and bibliography of the calcareous nannoplankton VI . Phycologia , 10 : 315 – 339 .
   Google Scholar
• Loeblich , A. R. and Tappan , H. 1973 . Annotated index and bibliography of the calcareous nannoplankton VII . J. Palaeo. , 43 : 498 – 553 .
   Google Scholar
• Lohmann , H. 1902 . Die Coccolithoporidae . Arch. Protistenk , 1 : 89 – 165 .
   Google Scholar
• Lohmann , H. 1920 . Die Bevölkerung des Ozeans mit Plankton . Archiv. Biont. , 4 : 1 – 617 .
   Google Scholar
• Manton , I. and Leedale , G. F. 1963 . Observations on the micro-anatomy of Crystallolithus hyalinus Gaarder and Markali . Arch. Mikrobiol. , 47 : 115 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Mcintyre , A. 1967 . Coccoliths as paleoclimatic indicators of Pleistocene glaciation . Science , 158 : 1314 – 1317 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcintyre , A. 1970 . Gephyrocapsa protohuxleyi sp. n. a possible phyletic link and index fossil for the Pleistocene . Deep-Sea Res. , 17 : 187 – 190 .
   Google Scholar
• Mcintyre , A. and Bé , A. W. H. 1967 . Modern Coccolithophoridea of the Atlantic Ocean-1, Placoliths and Cyrtoliths . Deep-Sea Res. , 14 : 561 – 597 .
   Google Scholar
• Mcintyre , A. , Bé , A. W. H. and Preikstas , R. 1967 . “ Coccoliths and the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary. ” . In Progress in Oceanography. Edited by: Sears , M. 3 – 25 . London : Pergamon Press . . V.4
   Google Scholar
• Mcintyre , A. , Bé , A. W. H. and Roche , M. B. 1970 . Modern Pacific coccolithophorida: a paleontological thermometer . Trans. New York Acad. Sci. , 32 : 720 – 731 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mcintyre , A. , Ruddiman , W. F. and Jantzen , R. 1972 . Southward penetrations of the North Atlantic Polar Front: faunal and floral evidence of large-scale surface watermass movements over the last 225 000 years . Deep-Sea Res. , 19 : 61 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Mercer , J. H. 1972 . Chilean glacial chronology 20 000 to 11 000 Carbon-14 years ago: some global comparisons . Science , 176 : 1118 – 1120 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , G. and Blackman , V. H. 1898 . On the nature of coccospheres and rhabdospheres: . Roy. Soc. (Lond.) Philos. Trans. , 190 : 427 – 441 .
   Google Scholar
• Murray , J. and Renard , A. F. 1891 . 525 Report on deep-sea deposits based on the specimens collected during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger in 1872 to 1876. In: Report on the scientific results of the poyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1871–76, pt. 3, Deep-sea deposits.
   Google Scholar
• Norris , R. E. 1965 . Living cells of Ceratolithus cristatus (Coccolithophorineae) . Arch. Protistenk , 108 : 19 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Okada , H. and Honjo , S. 1973 . The distribution of oceanic coccolithophorids in the Pacific . Deep-Sea Res. , 20 : 355 – 374 .
   Google Scholar
• Olausson , E. , Bilal Ul Haq , U. Z. , Karlsson , G. B. and Olsson , I. U. 1971 . Evidence in Indian Ocean cores of Late Pleistocene changes in oceanic and atmospheric circulation . Geologiska Föreningens i Stockholm Förhandlingar , 93 : 51 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Ostenfeld , C. H. 1899 . Uber Coccosphaera und einige neue Tintinniden im Plankton des nördlichen Atlantischen Oceans . Zool. Anz. , 22 : 433 – 439 .
   Google Scholar
• Parke , M. and Adams , D. 1960 . The motile (Crystallolithus hyalinus Gaarder & Markali) and nonmotile phases in the life history of Coccolithus pelagicus (Wallich) Schiller . J. mar. biol. Assoc. U.K. , 39 : 263 – 274 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pienaar , R. N. 1966 . Microfossils from the Cretaceous System of Zululand studied with the aid of the electron microscope . S. Afr. J. Sci. , 62 : 147 – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• Pienaar , R. N. 1968 . Upper Cretaceous Coccolithophorids from Zululand, South Africa . Palaeontology , 11 : 361 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Reinhardt , P. 1964 . Einige Kalkflagellaten-Gattungen (Coccolithophoriden, Coccolithineen) aus dem Mesozoikum Deutschlands . Monatsber. Deutsch. Akad. Wiss. Berlin , 6 : 749 – 759 .
   Google Scholar
• Roth , P. H. 1973 . “ Calcareous Nannofossils-Leg 17, Deep Sea Drilling Project. ” . In Initial Repts. D.S.D.P., V. XVII. Edited by: Winterer , E. L. Ewing , J. L. 695 – 795 . Washington : U.S. Govt. Print. Office .
   Google Scholar
• Sachs , J. B. and Skinner , H. C. 1973 . Calcareous nannofossils and Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene biostratigraphy Louisiana continental shelf . Tulane Studies Geol. Plaeo. , 10 : 113 – 162 .
   Google Scholar
• Schiller , J. 1913 . Vorläufige Ergebnisse der Phytoplankton-Untersuchungen auf den Fahrten S.M.S. ‘Najade’ in der Adria 1911/12. Die coccolithophoriden . Sitz. Ber. K. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Math.- Naturw. Kl. , 122 : 597 – 617 .
   Google Scholar
• Schiller , J. 1925 . Die Planktonischen vegetationen des adriatischen Meers. A. Die Coccolithophoriden-Vegetation in den Jahren 1911–14 . Arch. Protistenk , 51 : 1 – 30 .
   Google Scholar
• Schiller , J. 1926 . Uber Fortpflanzung, geissellose Gattungen und die Nomenklatur der Coccolithophoraceen nebst Mitteilung über Copulation bei . Arch. Protistenk , 53 : 326 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Schiller , J. 1930 . 79 Coccolithineae. In: Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora. 10. Leipzig
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt , O. 1870 . Ueber coccolithen und Rhabdolithen . Akad. Wiss. Wien Math.cNaturw. Kl. Silzungsber. Abt. 1 , 62 : 669 – 682 .
   Google Scholar
• Sherwood , R. W. 1974 . Calcareous nannofossil systematics, paleoecology, and biostratigraphy of the Middle Eocene Weches Formation of Texas . Tulane Studies Geol. Paleo. , 11 : 1 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Siesser , W. G. 1973a. . Micropalaeontology and palaeoclimatology of some South African continental slope cores & Appendix IV. In: Joint GSO/UCT Mar. Geol. Prog, Tech. Rpt. No. 5: 127–140. Dept. Geol., Univ. Cape Town
   Google Scholar
• Siesser , W. G. 1973b . Stratigraphic and palaeoclimatic analysis of continental slope sediment cores. So. Afr. Nat. Oceanog. Sympos. Abstr.: 30–31. Sea Fisheries, Cape Town
   Google Scholar
• Siesser , W. G. 1974a . Chronology and palaeoclimatology of piston cores . In: Joint GSO/UCT Mar. Geol. Prog, Tech. Rpt. No. , 6 : 52 – 54 . Dept. Geol., Univ. Cape Town
   Google Scholar
• Siesser , W. G. 1974b . Micropalaeontological techniques used in Pleistocene climatology. S . Afr. archaeol. Bull., Goodwin Series , 2 : 29 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Sorby , H. C. 1861 . On the organic origin of the so called ‘crystalloids’ of the Chalk . Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. , 8 : 193 – 200 .
   Google Scholar
• Tan , S. H. 1926 . On a young Tertiary limestone of the Isle of Rotti with coccoliths, calci- and manganese-peroxide-spherulites . Proc. Sect. Sci. K. Akad. Wet., Amsterdam , 29 : 1095 – 1105 .
   Google Scholar
• Tan , S. H. 1927 . Discoasteridae incertae sedis . Proc. Sect. Sci. K. Akad. Wet., Amsterdam , 30 : 411 – 419 .
   Google Scholar
• Wallich , G. C. 1860 . Results of soundings in the North Atlantic . Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. , 6 : 457 – 458 .
   Google Scholar
• Wallich , G. C. 1875 . On the true nature of the so-called Bathybius and its alleged function in the nutrition of the Protozoa . Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. , 16 : 322 – 339 .
   Google Scholar
• Wallich , G. C. 1877 . Observations on the coccosphere . Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. , 19 : 342 – 350 .
   Google Scholar
• Webep-Van Bosse , A. 1901 . Etudes sur les algues de l'archipel Malaisien. 111. Note preliminaire sur les résultats algologiques de l'expedition du Siboga . Ann. Jard. bot. Buitenz. , 17 Ser. 2, 2, 126–41
   Google Scholar
• Wilbur , K. M. and Watabe , N. 1963 . Experimental studies on calcification in molluscs and the alga . Coccolithus huxleyi. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. , 109 : 82 – 112 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilbur , K. M. and Watabe , N. 1967 . Mechanisms of calcium carbonate deposition in coccolithophorids and molluscs. Studies Trop. Oceanog. Miami: 133–154
   Google Scholar
• Wilcoxon , J. A. 1971 . Cyclococcolithina Wilcoxon Nom. Nov. (Nom. Subst. Pro Cyclococcolithus Kamptner, 1954) . Tulane Studies Geol. Paleo. , 8 : 82 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Wise , S. W. 1973 . “ Calcareous nannofossils from cores recovered during leg 18, Deep Sea Drilling Project: biostratigraphy and observations of diagenesis ” . In Initial Repts. D.S.D.P., V. XVIII. Edited by: Kulm , L. D. Von Huene , R. 569 – 615 . Washington : U.S. Govt. Print. Office . In
   Google Scholar